BIO 251 EXAM 1,2 AND 3 BUNDLE NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Antibiotics - ANSWER: substances produced by natural metabolites of
microorganisms that destroy other microorganisms.
Bacterial and fungal species produces.... - ANSWER: metabolites to attack and kill
each other
Chemotherapy - ANSWER: using chemicals to achieve a therapeutic goal
ex: antibiotics
What is the goal of antibiotic development? - ANSWER: to produce compounds that
have selective toxicity.
Highly selective compounds kill what? - ANSWER: they kill the targeted pathogen
without harming the host
Every antibiotic/antimicrobial falls on a gradient of selectivity based on what? -
ANSWER: based on what it targets in the bacteria
Selectivity and available drugs for antifungals and parasites - ANSWER: low selectivity
low available drugs
Selectivity and available drugs for antivirals - ANSWER: some selectivity
some availability
Selectivity and available drugs for antibacterial (DNA/protein) - ANSWER: more
selectivity and available drugs than antivirals
Selectivity and available drugs for antibacterial (cell wall) - ANSWER: the most
selectivity
the most drugs available
Drug Mechanism of action - ANSWER: the method the drug uses to accomplish it's
function
types of drug mechanism of action - ANSWER: -inhibiting cell wall synthesis
-destroying the cell membrane structure or function
-DNA/RNA interference
-inhibition of protein synthesis
-interference with metabolic pathways
cell wall inhibitors - ANSWER: blocks synthesis and repair
, cell membrane MOA - ANSWER: cause loss of selective permeability
DNA/RNA MOA - ANSWER: inhibit replication and transcription
metabolic pathways and products - ANSWER: blocks pathways and inhibits
metabolism
protein synthesis inhibitors acting on ribosomes - ANSWER: blocks initiation of
protein synthesis
Spectrum - ANSWER: a range for which they are effective
-what pathogens
-types of pathogens they work on
Broad spectrum - ANSWER: large range
many species/genera
Medium Spectrum - ANSWER: crosses G+ and G-, but not all
Narrow spectrum - ANSWER: very limited targets
characteristics of the "perfect" antibiotic - ANSWER: -high selective toxicity
-broad spectrum
-highly aggressive
-non-allergenic
-low cost
-oral, topical and intravenous forms
The antibiotic class with the highest selectivity and largest numbers is the group that
targets what? - ANSWER: peptidoglycan synthesis
-prevent synthesis of PDG
-prevent crosslinking of PDG
Osmotic shock - ANSWER: lose control of the osmotic pressure
Destruction or interference of the cell membrane leads to what? - ANSWER: to
bacterial cell lysis or death due to a loss in transport of nutrients
-poor selectivity and few drugs available
polymyxins - ANSWER: antibacterial disruptor
Amphotericin B, Nystatin - ANSWER: antifungals that target ergosterol in fungal
membranes
The synthesis and use of RNA/DNA is what? - ANSWER: large, complicated and
involves dozens of protein enzymes
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Antibiotics - ANSWER: substances produced by natural metabolites of
microorganisms that destroy other microorganisms.
Bacterial and fungal species produces.... - ANSWER: metabolites to attack and kill
each other
Chemotherapy - ANSWER: using chemicals to achieve a therapeutic goal
ex: antibiotics
What is the goal of antibiotic development? - ANSWER: to produce compounds that
have selective toxicity.
Highly selective compounds kill what? - ANSWER: they kill the targeted pathogen
without harming the host
Every antibiotic/antimicrobial falls on a gradient of selectivity based on what? -
ANSWER: based on what it targets in the bacteria
Selectivity and available drugs for antifungals and parasites - ANSWER: low selectivity
low available drugs
Selectivity and available drugs for antivirals - ANSWER: some selectivity
some availability
Selectivity and available drugs for antibacterial (DNA/protein) - ANSWER: more
selectivity and available drugs than antivirals
Selectivity and available drugs for antibacterial (cell wall) - ANSWER: the most
selectivity
the most drugs available
Drug Mechanism of action - ANSWER: the method the drug uses to accomplish it's
function
types of drug mechanism of action - ANSWER: -inhibiting cell wall synthesis
-destroying the cell membrane structure or function
-DNA/RNA interference
-inhibition of protein synthesis
-interference with metabolic pathways
cell wall inhibitors - ANSWER: blocks synthesis and repair
, cell membrane MOA - ANSWER: cause loss of selective permeability
DNA/RNA MOA - ANSWER: inhibit replication and transcription
metabolic pathways and products - ANSWER: blocks pathways and inhibits
metabolism
protein synthesis inhibitors acting on ribosomes - ANSWER: blocks initiation of
protein synthesis
Spectrum - ANSWER: a range for which they are effective
-what pathogens
-types of pathogens they work on
Broad spectrum - ANSWER: large range
many species/genera
Medium Spectrum - ANSWER: crosses G+ and G-, but not all
Narrow spectrum - ANSWER: very limited targets
characteristics of the "perfect" antibiotic - ANSWER: -high selective toxicity
-broad spectrum
-highly aggressive
-non-allergenic
-low cost
-oral, topical and intravenous forms
The antibiotic class with the highest selectivity and largest numbers is the group that
targets what? - ANSWER: peptidoglycan synthesis
-prevent synthesis of PDG
-prevent crosslinking of PDG
Osmotic shock - ANSWER: lose control of the osmotic pressure
Destruction or interference of the cell membrane leads to what? - ANSWER: to
bacterial cell lysis or death due to a loss in transport of nutrients
-poor selectivity and few drugs available
polymyxins - ANSWER: antibacterial disruptor
Amphotericin B, Nystatin - ANSWER: antifungals that target ergosterol in fungal
membranes
The synthesis and use of RNA/DNA is what? - ANSWER: large, complicated and
involves dozens of protein enzymes
