2024
Ludwig von Bertalanffy - ANS-observed that certain similar
characteristics appeared in all disciplines
Systems approach - ANS-asserts that the whole is greater
than the sum of its individual parts
Cybernetics - ANS-A relatively new interdisciplinary science
based on general systems theory which influences
management theory. The research focuses on information,
communication and control.
Single-loop learning - ANS-An ability to detect and correct
error only in relation to a given set of standards.
Double-loop learning - ANS-The process of learning to learn.
Depends on being able to take a 'double look' at the
situation by questioning the relevance of operating
standards.
Organisational learning - ANS-describes certain types of
activity in an organisation.
Learning organisation - ANS-refers to a particular type of
organisation.
,Peter Senge - ANS-Popularised the concept of learning
organisations. He challenged linear, cause-and-effect
thinking about organisational behaviour and identified five
new 'competent technologies'.
Systems thinking - ANS-looking for cyclical processes
Personal mastery - ANS-commitment to lifelong learning
Mental models - ANS-challenging deeply ingrained
assumptions
Shared vision - ANS-creating an aim with which employees
can identify
Team learning - ANS-the fundamental learning units in
modern organisations
Contingency theory - ANS-proposes that there is no one best
way of organising; instead, the best organisation structure
depends on a number of contingency factors.
Tom Burns and George M Stalker - ANS-conducted one of
the most influential studies to establish the credentials of
the contingency approach to organisation.
Contingency approach - ANS-analyses the variation in
organisations in a systematic way by considering the
contingencies, or situational factors for every organisation.
, Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch - ANS-concluded that
environmental conditions surrounding the organisation had
a significant effect on their choice of structure.
Joan Woodward - ANS-classified organisations by the
complexity of the technology they use in producing goods
and found that technology influences the choice of structure
in organisations.
Alfred Chandler - ANS-conducted a study of the influence of
strategy i structure and maintained that 'structure follows
strategy'.
Management - ANS-the process of working with and through
others to achieve against organisational objectives as
efficiently and effectively as possible within a changing
environment.
Process - ANS-A structured, interrelated set of activities
designed to produce a specific output.
Planning - ANS-Setting an organisation's goals and finding
the best way to achieve them.
Strategic plans - ANS-made by top management and vary
from one to five or even ten years.