NBME CBSE PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCES EXAM NEWEST
2024 ACTUAL EXAM 160 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is a case series? - ANSWER: Description of clinical findings/symptoms for
several patients with the same diagnosis, treatment, or outcome.
What is a cross-sectional study? - ANSWER: Assesses the frequency of disease and
risk-related factors in the present.
What is a case-control study? - ANSWER: Retrospectively compares a group of
people with a disease to a group without the disease to determine if odds of prior
exposure/risk factor differ.
What is a cohort study? - ANSWER: Compares a group of people with a given
exposure/risk factor to a group without exposure to determine if the exposure/risk
factor is associated with later development of disease.
What is a twin concordance study? - ANSWER: Compares the frequency with which
both monozygotic twins vs both dizygotic twins develop the same disease to
measure heritability and influence of environmental factors.
What is an adoption study? - ANSWER: Compares behavioral traits/genetics in
siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents to measure heritability and influence
of environmental factors.
What is an ecological study? - ANSWER: Compares the frequency of disease and risk-
related factors across populations to measure population data (not applicable to
individuals).
What is a clinic therapeutic trial? - ANSWER: An experimental study involving
humans that compares the benefits of two or more interventions.
What are the criteria for a high-quality clinical trial? - ANSWER: Randomized,
controlled, and double-blinded
What is a crossover clinical trial? - ANSWER: Compares the effect of multiple
treatments on a subject
What is the purpose of randomizing the order of treatments in a crossover trial? -
ANSWER: To avoid bias
What is a washout period in a crossover trial? - ANSWER: A period between
treatments to eliminate any lingering effects
, What is the advantage of using a crossover trial? - ANSWER: Subjects serve as their
own controls
What is the intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: Analyzing all subjects according
to their original assigned treatment
What is the purpose of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: To avoid bias from
attrition, crossover, and noncompliance
What is the disadvantage of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: May dilute the
true effects of the intervention
What is the as-treated analysis? - ANSWER: Analyzing subjects according to the
treatment they actually received
What is the disadvantage of as-treated analysis? - ANSWER: Increases the risk of bias
What is the per-protocol analysis? - ANSWER: Excluding subjects who did not
complete the originally assigned treatment
What is the disadvantage of per-protocol analysis? - ANSWER: Increases the risk of
bias
What are the five phases of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Preclinical, Phase 0, Phase 1,
Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4
What happens in the preclinical phase of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Testing the drug
in lab animals and in vitro
What happens in Phase 0 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Initial assessment of
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics via microdosing
What is the purpose of Phase 1 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Safety assessment and
determining the maximum tolerable dose
What is the purpose of Phase 2 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing efficacy and
short-term adverse effects
What is the purpose of Phase 3 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing effectiveness
compared to standard of care or placebo
What is the purpose of Phase 4 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing long-term and
rare adverse effects
What is off-label drug use? - ANSWER: Using a drug in a form, population group, or
dosage not approved by the FDA
2024 ACTUAL EXAM 160 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is a case series? - ANSWER: Description of clinical findings/symptoms for
several patients with the same diagnosis, treatment, or outcome.
What is a cross-sectional study? - ANSWER: Assesses the frequency of disease and
risk-related factors in the present.
What is a case-control study? - ANSWER: Retrospectively compares a group of
people with a disease to a group without the disease to determine if odds of prior
exposure/risk factor differ.
What is a cohort study? - ANSWER: Compares a group of people with a given
exposure/risk factor to a group without exposure to determine if the exposure/risk
factor is associated with later development of disease.
What is a twin concordance study? - ANSWER: Compares the frequency with which
both monozygotic twins vs both dizygotic twins develop the same disease to
measure heritability and influence of environmental factors.
What is an adoption study? - ANSWER: Compares behavioral traits/genetics in
siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents to measure heritability and influence
of environmental factors.
What is an ecological study? - ANSWER: Compares the frequency of disease and risk-
related factors across populations to measure population data (not applicable to
individuals).
What is a clinic therapeutic trial? - ANSWER: An experimental study involving
humans that compares the benefits of two or more interventions.
What are the criteria for a high-quality clinical trial? - ANSWER: Randomized,
controlled, and double-blinded
What is a crossover clinical trial? - ANSWER: Compares the effect of multiple
treatments on a subject
What is the purpose of randomizing the order of treatments in a crossover trial? -
ANSWER: To avoid bias
What is a washout period in a crossover trial? - ANSWER: A period between
treatments to eliminate any lingering effects
, What is the advantage of using a crossover trial? - ANSWER: Subjects serve as their
own controls
What is the intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: Analyzing all subjects according
to their original assigned treatment
What is the purpose of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: To avoid bias from
attrition, crossover, and noncompliance
What is the disadvantage of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWER: May dilute the
true effects of the intervention
What is the as-treated analysis? - ANSWER: Analyzing subjects according to the
treatment they actually received
What is the disadvantage of as-treated analysis? - ANSWER: Increases the risk of bias
What is the per-protocol analysis? - ANSWER: Excluding subjects who did not
complete the originally assigned treatment
What is the disadvantage of per-protocol analysis? - ANSWER: Increases the risk of
bias
What are the five phases of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Preclinical, Phase 0, Phase 1,
Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4
What happens in the preclinical phase of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Testing the drug
in lab animals and in vitro
What happens in Phase 0 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Initial assessment of
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics via microdosing
What is the purpose of Phase 1 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Safety assessment and
determining the maximum tolerable dose
What is the purpose of Phase 2 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing efficacy and
short-term adverse effects
What is the purpose of Phase 3 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing effectiveness
compared to standard of care or placebo
What is the purpose of Phase 4 of clinical trials? - ANSWER: Assessing long-term and
rare adverse effects
What is off-label drug use? - ANSWER: Using a drug in a form, population group, or
dosage not approved by the FDA
