CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? - ANSWER: Endergonic
What is the equation for photosynthesis? - ANSWER: Photons(sun)+6CO2+H2O-
>C6H12O6+O2
What is the equation for cellular respiration? - ANSWER: C6H12O6+6O2-
>6CO2+6H2O->ATP energy
Is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic? - ANSWER: Exergonic
What is potential energy? - ANSWER: Stored energy related to position
What is kinetic energy? - ANSWER: The energy of motion
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER: It states that energy is
conserved and cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is Gibbs free energy? - ANSWER: Available energy
What does thermodynamic law state about free energy? - ANSWER: A system will
naturally try to minimize free energy, negative delta G is favorable.
What is the equation for delta G? - ANSWER: Delta G= Delta H - T(Delta S)
What is enthalpy? - ANSWER: Measure of total heat energy in the system
What is entropy? - ANSWER: Measure of the amount of disorder in the system.
Increase is favorable.
What are exergonic reactions? - ANSWER: They have negative delta G values, energy
is released, and occur spontaneously
What are endergonic reactions? - ANSWER: They have positive delta G values,
energy is absorbed, and do not occur spontaneously
What is the activation energy of a reaction? - ANSWER: The amount of energy
required to reach the reaction intermediate or transition state.
, How are endergonic reactions energetically overcome? - ANSWER: By a coupled
reaction mechanism using ATP-mediated phosphorylation of a reaction
intermediate.
What is one of the most fundamental of protein functions? - ANSWER: Enzyme-
mediated catalysis
What is a catalyst? - ANSWER: A substance that increases a reaction rate without
being consumed or undergoing change/biotransformation. (Enzyme is regenerated)
What are the 2 functions that enzymes perform? - ANSWER: 1. Bring substrates
together in precise orientation so that the electrons involved in the reaction can
interact. (Occurs in enzyme active site).
2. Decrease the activation energy by stabilizing short-lived intermediates in the
reaction called the transition state.
What does the stabilization of the transition state often involve? - ANSWER: The
neutralization of electrical charges generated by bond breakage and formation
during the transition from reactants to products.
What is the rate of reaction dependent on? - ANSWER: The formation of an ES
complex.
What does the formation of ES complex follow? - ANSWER: The Law of Mass Action
Are enzymes saturable? - ANSWER: Yes, at saturation active sites cannot accept
substrates any faster.
What is ATP? - ANSWER: The energy currency in our cells
How is ATP generated? - ANSWER: Through the oxidation of glucose in a process
called cellular respiration.
What are the four phases of cellular respiration? - ANSWER: 1. Glycolysis, 2. Pyruvate
processing, 3. The citric acid cycle, 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
What are redox reactions? - ANSWER: Chemical reactions that involve electron
transfer.
When an atom or molecule gains an electron, it is... - ANSWER: Reduced
When an atom or molecule loses an electron, it is... - ANSWER: Oxidized
What are electron donors always paired with? - ANSWER: Electron acceptors
In cellular respiration, where is ATP generated from? - ANSWER: The electrons
extracted from C-H bonds
NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? - ANSWER: Endergonic
What is the equation for photosynthesis? - ANSWER: Photons(sun)+6CO2+H2O-
>C6H12O6+O2
What is the equation for cellular respiration? - ANSWER: C6H12O6+6O2-
>6CO2+6H2O->ATP energy
Is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic? - ANSWER: Exergonic
What is potential energy? - ANSWER: Stored energy related to position
What is kinetic energy? - ANSWER: The energy of motion
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER: It states that energy is
conserved and cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is Gibbs free energy? - ANSWER: Available energy
What does thermodynamic law state about free energy? - ANSWER: A system will
naturally try to minimize free energy, negative delta G is favorable.
What is the equation for delta G? - ANSWER: Delta G= Delta H - T(Delta S)
What is enthalpy? - ANSWER: Measure of total heat energy in the system
What is entropy? - ANSWER: Measure of the amount of disorder in the system.
Increase is favorable.
What are exergonic reactions? - ANSWER: They have negative delta G values, energy
is released, and occur spontaneously
What are endergonic reactions? - ANSWER: They have positive delta G values,
energy is absorbed, and do not occur spontaneously
What is the activation energy of a reaction? - ANSWER: The amount of energy
required to reach the reaction intermediate or transition state.
, How are endergonic reactions energetically overcome? - ANSWER: By a coupled
reaction mechanism using ATP-mediated phosphorylation of a reaction
intermediate.
What is one of the most fundamental of protein functions? - ANSWER: Enzyme-
mediated catalysis
What is a catalyst? - ANSWER: A substance that increases a reaction rate without
being consumed or undergoing change/biotransformation. (Enzyme is regenerated)
What are the 2 functions that enzymes perform? - ANSWER: 1. Bring substrates
together in precise orientation so that the electrons involved in the reaction can
interact. (Occurs in enzyme active site).
2. Decrease the activation energy by stabilizing short-lived intermediates in the
reaction called the transition state.
What does the stabilization of the transition state often involve? - ANSWER: The
neutralization of electrical charges generated by bond breakage and formation
during the transition from reactants to products.
What is the rate of reaction dependent on? - ANSWER: The formation of an ES
complex.
What does the formation of ES complex follow? - ANSWER: The Law of Mass Action
Are enzymes saturable? - ANSWER: Yes, at saturation active sites cannot accept
substrates any faster.
What is ATP? - ANSWER: The energy currency in our cells
How is ATP generated? - ANSWER: Through the oxidation of glucose in a process
called cellular respiration.
What are the four phases of cellular respiration? - ANSWER: 1. Glycolysis, 2. Pyruvate
processing, 3. The citric acid cycle, 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
What are redox reactions? - ANSWER: Chemical reactions that involve electron
transfer.
When an atom or molecule gains an electron, it is... - ANSWER: Reduced
When an atom or molecule loses an electron, it is... - ANSWER: Oxidized
What are electron donors always paired with? - ANSWER: Electron acceptors
In cellular respiration, where is ATP generated from? - ANSWER: The electrons
extracted from C-H bonds
