CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
In Eukaryotes, messenger RNA is synthesized by an enzyme called? - ANSWER: RNA
polymerase II
The process of DNA replication requires that each of the parental DNA strands be
used as a ____ to produce a duplicate of the opposing strand. - ANSWER: Template
DNA replication is considered semi conservative because? - ANSWER: Each daughter
DNA molecule consists of one strand from the parent DNA molecule and one new
strand
What does it mean for DNA replication to be bidirectional? - ANSWER: The
replication forks formed at the origin move in opposite directions
True or False? A strand of human chromosome was synthesized from multiple
origins by a mixture of continuous and discontinuous DNA synthesis. - ANSWER: True
The leading strand of DNA being formed is continuous, but the lagging strand forms
a number of small pieces of DNA. These are joined by enzymes called? - ANSWER:
Ligases
DNA polymerases are processive, which means that they remain tightly associated
with the template strand while moving rapidly and adding nucleotides to the
growing daughter strand. Which piece of the replication machinery accounts for this
characteristic? - ANSWER: Sliding clamp
Which of the following DNA strand can form a DNA duplex by pairing with itself at
each position?
5'-AAGCCGAA-3'
5'-AAGCCGTT-3'
5'-AAGCGCAA-3'
5'-AAGCGCTT-3' - ANSWER: 5'-AAGCGCTT-3'
The information stored in the DNA sequence is used directly as a template to make
____. - ANSWER: RNA
What type of macromolecule helps package DNA in a eukaryotic chromosomes? -
ANSWER: Proteins
, The DNA from two different species can often be distinguished by a difference in the
____. - ANSWER: Ratio of A+T to G+C
Which of the following questions would not be answered by using karyotyping?
-Is the individual genetically female or male?
-Do any of the chromosomes contain pieces that belong to others chromosomes?
-does the individual have an extra chromosome?
- do any chromosomes contain point mutations? - ANSWER: Do any chromosomes
contain point mutations
The chromosomes we typically see in images are isolated from mitotic cells. These
mitotic chromosomes are in the most highly condensed form. Interphase cells
contain chromosomes that are less densely packed and ____. - ANSWER: Occupy
discrete territories in the nucleus
The classic "beads on a string" structure is the most decondensed chromatin
structure possible and is produced experimentally. Which chromatin components
are not retained when this structure is generated? - ANSWER: Linker histones
Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase at the telomere?
- it adds new DNA to the 5' end of the newly synthesized strand at the telomere
- it adds new DNA to the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand at the telomere
- it synthesizes new DNA without the use of a template
- it adds new DNA to both strand of the telomere overhang - ANSWER: It adds new
DNA to both strand of the telomere overhang
The octameric histone core is composed of four different histone proteins,
assembled in a stepwise manner. Once the core octamer has been formed, DNA
wraps around it to form a nucleosome core particle. Which of the following histone
proteins does not form part of the octameric core? - ANSWER: H1
The core histones are small, basic proteins that have a globular domain at the C-
terminus end and a long, extended conformation at the N-terminus. Which of the
following is not true of the N-terminal "tail" of these histones?
- it is subject to covalent modifications
- it extends out of the nucleosome core
- it binds to DNA in a sequence specific manner
- it helps DNA pack tightly - ANSWER: It binds to DNA in a sequence specific manner
How do changes in histone modifications lead to changes in chromatin structure? -
ANSWER: They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin
You are a virologist interested in studying the evolution of viral genomes. You are
studying two newly isolated viral strains and have sequenced their genomes. You
find that the genome of strain 1 contains 25% A, 55% G, 20% C, and 10% T. You
report that you have isolated a virus with a single stranded DNA genome. Based on
NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
In Eukaryotes, messenger RNA is synthesized by an enzyme called? - ANSWER: RNA
polymerase II
The process of DNA replication requires that each of the parental DNA strands be
used as a ____ to produce a duplicate of the opposing strand. - ANSWER: Template
DNA replication is considered semi conservative because? - ANSWER: Each daughter
DNA molecule consists of one strand from the parent DNA molecule and one new
strand
What does it mean for DNA replication to be bidirectional? - ANSWER: The
replication forks formed at the origin move in opposite directions
True or False? A strand of human chromosome was synthesized from multiple
origins by a mixture of continuous and discontinuous DNA synthesis. - ANSWER: True
The leading strand of DNA being formed is continuous, but the lagging strand forms
a number of small pieces of DNA. These are joined by enzymes called? - ANSWER:
Ligases
DNA polymerases are processive, which means that they remain tightly associated
with the template strand while moving rapidly and adding nucleotides to the
growing daughter strand. Which piece of the replication machinery accounts for this
characteristic? - ANSWER: Sliding clamp
Which of the following DNA strand can form a DNA duplex by pairing with itself at
each position?
5'-AAGCCGAA-3'
5'-AAGCCGTT-3'
5'-AAGCGCAA-3'
5'-AAGCGCTT-3' - ANSWER: 5'-AAGCGCTT-3'
The information stored in the DNA sequence is used directly as a template to make
____. - ANSWER: RNA
What type of macromolecule helps package DNA in a eukaryotic chromosomes? -
ANSWER: Proteins
, The DNA from two different species can often be distinguished by a difference in the
____. - ANSWER: Ratio of A+T to G+C
Which of the following questions would not be answered by using karyotyping?
-Is the individual genetically female or male?
-Do any of the chromosomes contain pieces that belong to others chromosomes?
-does the individual have an extra chromosome?
- do any chromosomes contain point mutations? - ANSWER: Do any chromosomes
contain point mutations
The chromosomes we typically see in images are isolated from mitotic cells. These
mitotic chromosomes are in the most highly condensed form. Interphase cells
contain chromosomes that are less densely packed and ____. - ANSWER: Occupy
discrete territories in the nucleus
The classic "beads on a string" structure is the most decondensed chromatin
structure possible and is produced experimentally. Which chromatin components
are not retained when this structure is generated? - ANSWER: Linker histones
Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase at the telomere?
- it adds new DNA to the 5' end of the newly synthesized strand at the telomere
- it adds new DNA to the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand at the telomere
- it synthesizes new DNA without the use of a template
- it adds new DNA to both strand of the telomere overhang - ANSWER: It adds new
DNA to both strand of the telomere overhang
The octameric histone core is composed of four different histone proteins,
assembled in a stepwise manner. Once the core octamer has been formed, DNA
wraps around it to form a nucleosome core particle. Which of the following histone
proteins does not form part of the octameric core? - ANSWER: H1
The core histones are small, basic proteins that have a globular domain at the C-
terminus end and a long, extended conformation at the N-terminus. Which of the
following is not true of the N-terminal "tail" of these histones?
- it is subject to covalent modifications
- it extends out of the nucleosome core
- it binds to DNA in a sequence specific manner
- it helps DNA pack tightly - ANSWER: It binds to DNA in a sequence specific manner
How do changes in histone modifications lead to changes in chromatin structure? -
ANSWER: They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin
You are a virologist interested in studying the evolution of viral genomes. You are
studying two newly isolated viral strains and have sequenced their genomes. You
find that the genome of strain 1 contains 25% A, 55% G, 20% C, and 10% T. You
report that you have isolated a virus with a single stranded DNA genome. Based on
