AES Final Questions and Answers & notes summaries
ecological footprint *** the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as
the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
SchmidtEtAl2013NighttimeEffectofAircraftNoise *** Aircraft cause hypertension and stress
on sleep. in healthy adults, acute nighttime aircraft noise exposure dose-dependently impairs
endothelial function and stimulates adrenaline release. Noise-induced ED may be in part due to
increased production in reactive oxygen species and may thus be one mechanism contributing to
the observed association of chronic noise exposure with cardiovascular disease.
Levyetal2012PMrelatedMortalityinUSfromAviation.pdf *** Growth and increase in landing
and takeoff emissions from aircraft
Blacketal2007aircraftnoisestress *** Aircraft noise stress causes hypertension but not as bad as
other loud variables
How to write an article critique *** Follow rubric and go off of listed criteria
Lec 9: Trends in Aviation fuel production *** Approximately $106 a barrel (Jan 2013)
Aviation jet fuel prices are dropping
Lec 9: How is crude oil separated *** At the right temperature gasoline is separated from oil.
The distillation process is repeated several times but oil is separated at slightly higher
temperatures
Lec 9: What is the difference between ideal and real combustion? *** Fuel mixed with air and
IDEAL combustion yields carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide (from
lubricants and additives)
,REAL combustion: also yield Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HCs), Soot Particles,
NOx, SOx, COx
Lec 9: How do aircraft emissions vary with phase of flight and ground operations? *** CO2
and H2o Emissions are the same
Chemical reactions are impacted
NOx= SH 4.5 = 32 = 7.9-11.9
NOx =LH 4.5 = 27 = 11.1 - 15.4
C0 = 25(10-65) = <1 = 1-3.5
HC -=4 (0-12) = <0.5 = 0.2-1.3
SOx = 1.0 = 1.0 = 1.0
Lec 9: Does the location of the emissions matter? *** Location of the emissions matter
Lec 9: Aviation emissions: CO2, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur oxides, PM, other emissions ***
CO2:CO2 is NOT the strongest greenhouse gas in terms of radiative effect Carbon dioxide is
naturally occurring in the environment; it is the anthropogenic addition of CO2 that is the
concern of environmentalists
NO: Function of combustion: Temperature Pressure Combustor design Unavoidable part of
combustion process
SO: Result of oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds to improve fuel lubricity Emissions
directly proportional to the concentration in fuels used
Particulate Matter (PM): Can be classified as VOLATILE or Non-Volatile Created by
incomplete combustion
, Other emissions: CO Hydroxyl radicals (OH)- around 1 ppb Nitrous acid (HONO) Nitric Acid
(HNO3) Chem-ions (CI)- high temperatures by chemiionisation of free radicals
Lec 9: What do emissions depend on? (some constant, some fuel dependent, some vary by
operational conditions....) *** Is the aircraft flying in the troposphere or stratosphere
Lec 10: Regulations and laws *** NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act(1969)
EMS: Environmental Management System
NEPA requirements and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans
EPA Clean Air Act
Lec 10: Organizations involved in regulating *** FAA
NEPA requirements and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans
Airport Environmental Program
Lec 10: Laws- NEPA goals/purpose *** 1. Protect the environment
-ensure Federal agencies consider environment
2. Provide info to citizens and public officials before action
-Quality information
-Accurate and scientific information
-Experts
-Focus on information that is important for the issue at hand
3. Promote excellent action - help officials make decisions
-Understand environmental issues and impacts
-"take actions that protect, restore, and enhance the environment." ( NEPA, the Environmental
Quality Improvement Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4371 et seq.), Sec. 1500.1 Purpose
(c))
ecological footprint *** the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as
the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
SchmidtEtAl2013NighttimeEffectofAircraftNoise *** Aircraft cause hypertension and stress
on sleep. in healthy adults, acute nighttime aircraft noise exposure dose-dependently impairs
endothelial function and stimulates adrenaline release. Noise-induced ED may be in part due to
increased production in reactive oxygen species and may thus be one mechanism contributing to
the observed association of chronic noise exposure with cardiovascular disease.
Levyetal2012PMrelatedMortalityinUSfromAviation.pdf *** Growth and increase in landing
and takeoff emissions from aircraft
Blacketal2007aircraftnoisestress *** Aircraft noise stress causes hypertension but not as bad as
other loud variables
How to write an article critique *** Follow rubric and go off of listed criteria
Lec 9: Trends in Aviation fuel production *** Approximately $106 a barrel (Jan 2013)
Aviation jet fuel prices are dropping
Lec 9: How is crude oil separated *** At the right temperature gasoline is separated from oil.
The distillation process is repeated several times but oil is separated at slightly higher
temperatures
Lec 9: What is the difference between ideal and real combustion? *** Fuel mixed with air and
IDEAL combustion yields carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide (from
lubricants and additives)
,REAL combustion: also yield Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HCs), Soot Particles,
NOx, SOx, COx
Lec 9: How do aircraft emissions vary with phase of flight and ground operations? *** CO2
and H2o Emissions are the same
Chemical reactions are impacted
NOx= SH 4.5 = 32 = 7.9-11.9
NOx =LH 4.5 = 27 = 11.1 - 15.4
C0 = 25(10-65) = <1 = 1-3.5
HC -=4 (0-12) = <0.5 = 0.2-1.3
SOx = 1.0 = 1.0 = 1.0
Lec 9: Does the location of the emissions matter? *** Location of the emissions matter
Lec 9: Aviation emissions: CO2, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur oxides, PM, other emissions ***
CO2:CO2 is NOT the strongest greenhouse gas in terms of radiative effect Carbon dioxide is
naturally occurring in the environment; it is the anthropogenic addition of CO2 that is the
concern of environmentalists
NO: Function of combustion: Temperature Pressure Combustor design Unavoidable part of
combustion process
SO: Result of oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds to improve fuel lubricity Emissions
directly proportional to the concentration in fuels used
Particulate Matter (PM): Can be classified as VOLATILE or Non-Volatile Created by
incomplete combustion
, Other emissions: CO Hydroxyl radicals (OH)- around 1 ppb Nitrous acid (HONO) Nitric Acid
(HNO3) Chem-ions (CI)- high temperatures by chemiionisation of free radicals
Lec 9: What do emissions depend on? (some constant, some fuel dependent, some vary by
operational conditions....) *** Is the aircraft flying in the troposphere or stratosphere
Lec 10: Regulations and laws *** NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act(1969)
EMS: Environmental Management System
NEPA requirements and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans
EPA Clean Air Act
Lec 10: Organizations involved in regulating *** FAA
NEPA requirements and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans
Airport Environmental Program
Lec 10: Laws- NEPA goals/purpose *** 1. Protect the environment
-ensure Federal agencies consider environment
2. Provide info to citizens and public officials before action
-Quality information
-Accurate and scientific information
-Experts
-Focus on information that is important for the issue at hand
3. Promote excellent action - help officials make decisions
-Understand environmental issues and impacts
-"take actions that protect, restore, and enhance the environment." ( NEPA, the Environmental
Quality Improvement Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4371 et seq.), Sec. 1500.1 Purpose
(c))
