Monomer definition Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
Polymer definition Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined
together
What are monomers in carbohydrates called? Monosaccharides (single sugars)
e.g. amino acids, nucleotides
How are α-glucose and β-glucose related? They are isomers
Isomer definition Molecules with the same molecular formula but different
structural formula
Hexose monosaccharides Glucose (reducing), fructose (reducing), galactose
(reducing)
Describe fructose Very soluble, main sugar in fruit/nectar, reducing sugar
Describe galactose Not as soluble as glucose, important in production of
glycolipids and glycoproteins, reducing sugar
Reducing sugar defintion Sugar that reduces another compound by donating
electrons (or hydrogen) and is itself oxidised
What is a disaccharide? A double sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined
together
Disaccharide examples Sucrose, maltose (reducing), lactose (reducing)
Small, medium, large
Opposite of condensation reaction Hydrolysis reaction
Alpha glucose structure
Beta glucose structure
What is a sugar with 3 carbons called? Triose
What is a sugar with 4 carbons called? Tetrose
What is a sugar with 5 carbons called? Pentose
What is a sugar with 6 carbons called? Hexose
What is a sugar with 7 carbons called? Heptose
Galactose structure
Fructose structure
How is sucrose formed? Condensation of fructose + alpha glucose
How is lactose formed? Condensation of galactose + alpha glucose
How is maltose formed? Condensation of two alpha glucose molecules
What type of bond forms between two sugars? Glycosidic bond
Why use a semi-quantitative test? To estimate the approximate amount of a
substance in a sample
How does Benedict's solution work? Blue coloured solution (Cu2+ ions). Copper
gains electrons from reducing sugar. Cu2+ reduced to Cu+ - which is a brick-red
precipitate (solid particles suspended in solution)
What does a colorimeter do? Measures the strength of coloured solution by seeing
how much light is absorbed by the solution
What does qualitative testing tell you? If a substance is present or absent
What does quantitative testing tell you? The concentration of a substance to be
determined
What is a condensation reaction? A reaction that joins two molecules together
with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of
water
What is a hydrolysis reaction? A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between
two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
The variety of life, both past and present, is extensive, but the biochemical basis
of life is similar for all living things.
What is a monosaccharide? The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
What bond is formed in the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
What is formed by the condensation of alpha glucose? Glycogen and starch
What is formed by the condensation of beta glucose? Cellulose
Describe the test for a reducing sugar. Add Benedicts in excess to sample in test
tube
Polymer definition Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined
together
What are monomers in carbohydrates called? Monosaccharides (single sugars)
e.g. amino acids, nucleotides
How are α-glucose and β-glucose related? They are isomers
Isomer definition Molecules with the same molecular formula but different
structural formula
Hexose monosaccharides Glucose (reducing), fructose (reducing), galactose
(reducing)
Describe fructose Very soluble, main sugar in fruit/nectar, reducing sugar
Describe galactose Not as soluble as glucose, important in production of
glycolipids and glycoproteins, reducing sugar
Reducing sugar defintion Sugar that reduces another compound by donating
electrons (or hydrogen) and is itself oxidised
What is a disaccharide? A double sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined
together
Disaccharide examples Sucrose, maltose (reducing), lactose (reducing)
Small, medium, large
Opposite of condensation reaction Hydrolysis reaction
Alpha glucose structure
Beta glucose structure
What is a sugar with 3 carbons called? Triose
What is a sugar with 4 carbons called? Tetrose
What is a sugar with 5 carbons called? Pentose
What is a sugar with 6 carbons called? Hexose
What is a sugar with 7 carbons called? Heptose
Galactose structure
Fructose structure
How is sucrose formed? Condensation of fructose + alpha glucose
How is lactose formed? Condensation of galactose + alpha glucose
How is maltose formed? Condensation of two alpha glucose molecules
What type of bond forms between two sugars? Glycosidic bond
Why use a semi-quantitative test? To estimate the approximate amount of a
substance in a sample
How does Benedict's solution work? Blue coloured solution (Cu2+ ions). Copper
gains electrons from reducing sugar. Cu2+ reduced to Cu+ - which is a brick-red
precipitate (solid particles suspended in solution)
What does a colorimeter do? Measures the strength of coloured solution by seeing
how much light is absorbed by the solution
What does qualitative testing tell you? If a substance is present or absent
What does quantitative testing tell you? The concentration of a substance to be
determined
What is a condensation reaction? A reaction that joins two molecules together
with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of
water
What is a hydrolysis reaction? A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between
two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
The variety of life, both past and present, is extensive, but the biochemical basis
of life is similar for all living things.
What is a monosaccharide? The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
What bond is formed in the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
What is formed by the condensation of alpha glucose? Glycogen and starch
What is formed by the condensation of beta glucose? Cellulose
Describe the test for a reducing sugar. Add Benedicts in excess to sample in test
tube
