2024 PORTAGE NURS 251 TEST 3
EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Two factors that determine a person's blood pressure - CORRECT-
ANSWERSCardiac Output and Systemic Vascular Resistance
Cardiac output - CORRECT-ANSWERSamount of blood ejected from the
heart's left ventricle in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
Chronic heart failure (CHF) - CORRECT-ANSWERSa condition when heart is
unable to pump sufficient blood to tissues of body.
Pulmonary Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERSfluid in the lungs
Peripheral Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERSFluid in the body often the lower
extremities
CHF symptoms - CORRECT-ANSWERStiredness, shortness of breath, rapid
heart rate and fluid build-up in both the lungs and extremities.
Key terms related to heart failure - CORRECT-ANSWERS-ejection fraction
-left ventricular end-diastolic volume
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe proportion of blood that is ejected
during each contraction of the heart compared with the total volume of blood
within the ventricle of the heart.
Left ventricular end diastolic volume - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe total amount
of blood in the ventricle right before it contracts (also known as the preload).
Explain the basic difference between NYHA functional classes and ACCF/AHA
stages of HF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-The NYHA classes focus on the
symptomatic status of the disease.
-The ACCF/AHA stages focus more on the progression of the disease.
NYHA classes of CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSClass I: No limitations on phy
activity. Normal physical activity does not cause symptoms.
Class II: Slight limitations on phy act. Comfortable when at rest, but ordinary
activity caused syms.
Class III: Marked limitation of phy act. Comfortable at rest, but less than
ordinary activity causes syms.
, Class IV: Unable to have phy act, without symptoms or symptoms at rest.
ACCF/AHA stages of CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSStage A: At high risk but no
symptoms or structural heart disease
Stage B: Structural heart disease present but no signs or symptoms
Stage C: Structural heart disease with past or current symptoms
Stage D: Refractory heart failure requiring interventions
CHF drugs - CORRECT-ANSWERSACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain Beta
Blockers, and diuretics
Beta blockers with CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-In CHF the heart is trying to
meet the demands of the body patients are often tachycardic (increased
heart rate). Despite working so hard, the heart is unable to meet the
demands of the body and beating faster is just making it worse. So, when
they take a beta blocker, that slows the heart rate, it actually allows the
heart to fill and function more efficiently.
Preferred Beta Blockers for CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSMetoprolol, bisoprolol,
nebivolol, and carvedilol. Of note, the dosages of beta blockers for CHF are
on the lower range
ACE-inhibitors/ARBs with CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSWork in CHF by
preventing sodium and water reabsorbing into the body they decrease blood
volume and blood return to the heart. This decreased the preload and work
load required of the hear
Digoxin current place in treating CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe drugs of
choice to treat CHF include ACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain Beta Blockers,
and diuretics. As the heart failure worsens aldosterone inhibitors are added.
Only after this point is digoxin added. It has not been shown to reduce
mortality and so because of that and the risk of toxicity and drug interactions
it has fallen out of favor.
Signs of Digoxin toxicity. - CORRECT-ANSWERSlow heart rate, headache,
dizziness, confusion, nausea, visual disturbances (blurred vision or yellow
vison)
Hypercholesterolemia - CORRECT-ANSWERScondition in which higher than
normal amounts of cholesterol are present in the blood, which can lead to
atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
Hyperlipidemia: cholesterol (LDL, HDL, TG), plaque, rhabdomyolysis. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSa fat-soluble steroid found in animal fats, oils, egg yolk,
as well as widely distributed in the body, especially in the bile, blood, brain
tissue, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and nerve fibers.
EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Two factors that determine a person's blood pressure - CORRECT-
ANSWERSCardiac Output and Systemic Vascular Resistance
Cardiac output - CORRECT-ANSWERSamount of blood ejected from the
heart's left ventricle in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
Chronic heart failure (CHF) - CORRECT-ANSWERSa condition when heart is
unable to pump sufficient blood to tissues of body.
Pulmonary Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERSfluid in the lungs
Peripheral Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERSFluid in the body often the lower
extremities
CHF symptoms - CORRECT-ANSWERStiredness, shortness of breath, rapid
heart rate and fluid build-up in both the lungs and extremities.
Key terms related to heart failure - CORRECT-ANSWERS-ejection fraction
-left ventricular end-diastolic volume
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe proportion of blood that is ejected
during each contraction of the heart compared with the total volume of blood
within the ventricle of the heart.
Left ventricular end diastolic volume - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe total amount
of blood in the ventricle right before it contracts (also known as the preload).
Explain the basic difference between NYHA functional classes and ACCF/AHA
stages of HF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-The NYHA classes focus on the
symptomatic status of the disease.
-The ACCF/AHA stages focus more on the progression of the disease.
NYHA classes of CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSClass I: No limitations on phy
activity. Normal physical activity does not cause symptoms.
Class II: Slight limitations on phy act. Comfortable when at rest, but ordinary
activity caused syms.
Class III: Marked limitation of phy act. Comfortable at rest, but less than
ordinary activity causes syms.
, Class IV: Unable to have phy act, without symptoms or symptoms at rest.
ACCF/AHA stages of CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSStage A: At high risk but no
symptoms or structural heart disease
Stage B: Structural heart disease present but no signs or symptoms
Stage C: Structural heart disease with past or current symptoms
Stage D: Refractory heart failure requiring interventions
CHF drugs - CORRECT-ANSWERSACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain Beta
Blockers, and diuretics
Beta blockers with CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-In CHF the heart is trying to
meet the demands of the body patients are often tachycardic (increased
heart rate). Despite working so hard, the heart is unable to meet the
demands of the body and beating faster is just making it worse. So, when
they take a beta blocker, that slows the heart rate, it actually allows the
heart to fill and function more efficiently.
Preferred Beta Blockers for CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSMetoprolol, bisoprolol,
nebivolol, and carvedilol. Of note, the dosages of beta blockers for CHF are
on the lower range
ACE-inhibitors/ARBs with CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSWork in CHF by
preventing sodium and water reabsorbing into the body they decrease blood
volume and blood return to the heart. This decreased the preload and work
load required of the hear
Digoxin current place in treating CHF - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe drugs of
choice to treat CHF include ACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain Beta Blockers,
and diuretics. As the heart failure worsens aldosterone inhibitors are added.
Only after this point is digoxin added. It has not been shown to reduce
mortality and so because of that and the risk of toxicity and drug interactions
it has fallen out of favor.
Signs of Digoxin toxicity. - CORRECT-ANSWERSlow heart rate, headache,
dizziness, confusion, nausea, visual disturbances (blurred vision or yellow
vison)
Hypercholesterolemia - CORRECT-ANSWERScondition in which higher than
normal amounts of cholesterol are present in the blood, which can lead to
atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
Hyperlipidemia: cholesterol (LDL, HDL, TG), plaque, rhabdomyolysis. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSa fat-soluble steroid found in animal fats, oils, egg yolk,
as well as widely distributed in the body, especially in the bile, blood, brain
tissue, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and nerve fibers.
