NR 565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for
adverse drug reactions with potential long term
consequences? - ANSWER 1st trimester (fetus most at risk
d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - ANSWER Recommendations of
medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and older),
prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - ANSWER liver
enzyme system where medications are metabolized, can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug- drug
interactions
CYP450 inducers - ANSWER Speed up metabolism of
drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has lesser effect
(decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
,CYP450 inducers pneumonic - ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS
INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - ANSWER Barbituates, St John
wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin,
griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - ANSWER inhibit metabolism,
increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic - ANSWER "VISA credit card debt
INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - ANSWER Valproate,
isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol,
ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of
drugs? - ANSWER increase glomerular filtration rate leads to
increase durg excretion
increase hepatic
metabolism decrease tone
and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - ANSWER
Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and
fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some
,anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as
diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in
neonates? - ANSWER slow and erratic due to low blood flow
in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased
in infancy? - ANSWER delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric
patient? - ANSWER glucocorticoids, discoloration of
developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with
sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient
education? - ANSWER dosage size and timing route and
technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at
higher risk for adverse drug reactions? - ANSWER
reduced renal function
, polypharmacy (the use of five or more
medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index
(e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an
elderly patient experiencing an adverse drug reaction? -
ANSWER obtaining a thorough drug history that includes
over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics
changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug
levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and
iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for
continued drug therapy
MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for
adverse drug reactions with potential long term
consequences? - ANSWER 1st trimester (fetus most at risk
d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - ANSWER Recommendations of
medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and older),
prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - ANSWER liver
enzyme system where medications are metabolized, can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug- drug
interactions
CYP450 inducers - ANSWER Speed up metabolism of
drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has lesser effect
(decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
,CYP450 inducers pneumonic - ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS
INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - ANSWER Barbituates, St John
wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin,
griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - ANSWER inhibit metabolism,
increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic - ANSWER "VISA credit card debt
INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - ANSWER Valproate,
isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol,
ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of
drugs? - ANSWER increase glomerular filtration rate leads to
increase durg excretion
increase hepatic
metabolism decrease tone
and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - ANSWER
Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and
fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some
,anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as
diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in
neonates? - ANSWER slow and erratic due to low blood flow
in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased
in infancy? - ANSWER delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric
patient? - ANSWER glucocorticoids, discoloration of
developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with
sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient
education? - ANSWER dosage size and timing route and
technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at
higher risk for adverse drug reactions? - ANSWER
reduced renal function
, polypharmacy (the use of five or more
medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index
(e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an
elderly patient experiencing an adverse drug reaction? -
ANSWER obtaining a thorough drug history that includes
over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics
changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug
levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and
iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for
continued drug therapy
