ATI MEDSURG URINARY TRACT DISORDERS LATEST EXAM TEST
BANK
Name three reasons why infants are more likely to develop fluid volume deficits than
adults. - ANSWER: 1) Infants have a greater surface area for fluid losses
2) Infants have immature kidneys and are unable to concentrate urine
3) 80% of an infants TBW is water
As we age does ECF increase or decrease? What about ICF? - ANSWER: ECF increases
and ICF decreases b/c as we age, our cells die
Does hypochloremia increase or decrease cell excitability? - ANSWER: It increases
excitability - signs and symptoms of hypochloremia are likely to be tremors,
twitching, seizures, etc.
What are two major roles of potassium? - ANSWER: 1) transmission and conduction
of nerve impluses
2) contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
How can glucocorticoids affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) isotonic fluid excess and hypokalemia
2) edema, weight gain, skeletal muscle weakness, constipation, abd. distention
How can hyperventilation and crying affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are
likely assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) respiratory alkalosis
2) paresthesias of fingers, lightheadedness, confusion
How can opioid overdoses affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) respiratory acidosis
2) slow, shallow respirations, low pH, high CO2
How can excessive vomiting affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) isotonic fluid deficit, hypokalemia, metabolic
alkalosis
2) tachycardia, rapid weight loss, low UOP, skeletal muscle weakness, slow and
shallow respirations, lethargy
, How can hyperparathyroidism affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) hypercalcemia
2) fatigue, weakness, anorexia, constipation, lethargy
What are several main functions of the kidney? - ANSWER: 1) excretion of waste
2) regulate F/E
3) regulation of fluid osmolarity
4) regulation of arterial pressure
5) acid-base balance
6) erythrocyte production
7) secretion, metabolism, excretion of hormones
8) gluconeogenesis
What is urea? - ANSWER: the product of amino acid metabolism
What is creatinine? - ANSWER: waste product from muscle metabolism that has no
real function. Best indirect GFR measure.
What is uric acid? - ANSWER: a waste produce of purine (involved in gout)
What is more important, overall amount of an electrolyte, or the concentration of
that electrolyte to the amount of body fluid? - ANSWER: concentration! (this is why
we measure labs in meq/L etc.)
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure in the short-term? - ANSWER: by
excreting hormones and vasoactive substances such as renin and angiotensin
Where is renin produced and stored? What stimulates its release? - ANSWER: 1)
juxtaglomerular cells
2) decreased arterial pressure, sympathetic renal activation via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors, decreased Na+ delivery to macula densa cells
Where does most renin go after it's released? - ANSWER: most is released into
systemic circulation (small amounts act locally)
What hormone does renin act on once it's released and what is the product of that
interaction? - ANSWER: 1) angiotensinogen
2) angiotensin I (mild vasoconstrictor)
Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II and how? - ANSWER: conversion
happens in the lungs via Angiotensin Converting Enyzme (ACE)
What are the two main roles of angiotensin II? - ANSWER: 1) potent vasoconstrictor
BANK
Name three reasons why infants are more likely to develop fluid volume deficits than
adults. - ANSWER: 1) Infants have a greater surface area for fluid losses
2) Infants have immature kidneys and are unable to concentrate urine
3) 80% of an infants TBW is water
As we age does ECF increase or decrease? What about ICF? - ANSWER: ECF increases
and ICF decreases b/c as we age, our cells die
Does hypochloremia increase or decrease cell excitability? - ANSWER: It increases
excitability - signs and symptoms of hypochloremia are likely to be tremors,
twitching, seizures, etc.
What are two major roles of potassium? - ANSWER: 1) transmission and conduction
of nerve impluses
2) contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
How can glucocorticoids affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) isotonic fluid excess and hypokalemia
2) edema, weight gain, skeletal muscle weakness, constipation, abd. distention
How can hyperventilation and crying affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are
likely assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) respiratory alkalosis
2) paresthesias of fingers, lightheadedness, confusion
How can opioid overdoses affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) respiratory acidosis
2) slow, shallow respirations, low pH, high CO2
How can excessive vomiting affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) isotonic fluid deficit, hypokalemia, metabolic
alkalosis
2) tachycardia, rapid weight loss, low UOP, skeletal muscle weakness, slow and
shallow respirations, lethargy
, How can hyperparathyroidism affect fluid/electrolyte balance and what are likely
assessment findings? - ANSWER: 1) hypercalcemia
2) fatigue, weakness, anorexia, constipation, lethargy
What are several main functions of the kidney? - ANSWER: 1) excretion of waste
2) regulate F/E
3) regulation of fluid osmolarity
4) regulation of arterial pressure
5) acid-base balance
6) erythrocyte production
7) secretion, metabolism, excretion of hormones
8) gluconeogenesis
What is urea? - ANSWER: the product of amino acid metabolism
What is creatinine? - ANSWER: waste product from muscle metabolism that has no
real function. Best indirect GFR measure.
What is uric acid? - ANSWER: a waste produce of purine (involved in gout)
What is more important, overall amount of an electrolyte, or the concentration of
that electrolyte to the amount of body fluid? - ANSWER: concentration! (this is why
we measure labs in meq/L etc.)
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure in the short-term? - ANSWER: by
excreting hormones and vasoactive substances such as renin and angiotensin
Where is renin produced and stored? What stimulates its release? - ANSWER: 1)
juxtaglomerular cells
2) decreased arterial pressure, sympathetic renal activation via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors, decreased Na+ delivery to macula densa cells
Where does most renin go after it's released? - ANSWER: most is released into
systemic circulation (small amounts act locally)
What hormone does renin act on once it's released and what is the product of that
interaction? - ANSWER: 1) angiotensinogen
2) angiotensin I (mild vasoconstrictor)
Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II and how? - ANSWER: conversion
happens in the lungs via Angiotensin Converting Enyzme (ACE)
What are the two main roles of angiotensin II? - ANSWER: 1) potent vasoconstrictor
