PSY 1113 Exam 3 OU Cavazos :Prenatal Development
| Notes and summaries
development *** Growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive (e.g.,
learning to walk or talk) and regressive (e.g., declines in cognitive functioning with age).
teratogens *** Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing
organism during gestation.
*(alcohol, drugs) hinders physical development/ cognitive processes*
cognitive development *** Those interested in this area ask questions about attention (do older
infants like to look at faces more than younger infants do, and if so, why?), language (at what
age do children produce their first words, and how does their rate of word learning increase over
time?), and memory (do 20 month olds remember information for longer durations than 10
month olds, and is there any way to improve long-term memory in these children?).
social development *** studying topics like parent-child interactions (at what age do infants
begin to form bonds with their primary caregivers, and are these bonds stable over time?), sibling
relationships (how do children react to the birth of a new sibling, and do these associations vary
with age?), and peer interactions (is being bullied as a child associated with negative outcomes in
adolescence or adulthood?)
Matching
Language and memory are cognitive and involve specific regions of the brain. Relationships and
friendships are social and involve interactions with others (parents or friends). Interpreting the
behavior of peers (e.g., Bandura's aggression) and how our thoughts and feelings are different
from those of others (theory of mind) are social and cognitive. We'll talk more about each of
,these areas of research throughout the chapter. *** Examining how language develops over the
first two years of life
- cognitive development-
Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age
-social development-
Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers
-social development-
Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood
-cognitive development
Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school
-social cognition-
Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from
those of their peers
-social cognition-
Windsor is studying infants and their ability to learn and think about the world, whereas his
friend Janet is studying how infants interact with other people and peers. Windsor would be
known as a ______________ psychologist while Janet would be known as a ______________
psychologist. *** cognitive; social
Think back to when you learned what a cognitive psychologist studies and as well as a social
psychologist. A cognitive psychologist would study things like how people learn where a social
psychologist would study the interactions amongst people.
Prenatal development is a little bit like assembling a _____ __ ________ *** piece of furniture
,sperm can only survive in the female body for around _ days. *** 5
3 Prenatal Stages *** germinal, embryonic, fetal
germinal *** During prenatal development, the time from conception until approximately 2
weeks later, when the blastocyst implants into the uterine lining.
-first 2 wks; cell duplication; implantation
embryonic *** The second developmental stage which occurs from implantation to
approximately 8 weeks after conception.
wks. 2-8; organogenesis occurs
fetal *** The final stage of prenatal development that occurs from week 9 until birth. During
this stage, the organ systems are able to grow and become mature enough for the fetus to survive
outside of the womb.
wks. 9-40; age of viability (abt. 22 weeks)
In the process of ovulation, an egg is released from one of a woman's two ovaries. In the event
that fertilization of an egg does not occur, what happens to the unfertilized egg? *** If
fertilization doesn't occur, the egg is expelled along with the uterine lining during the woman's
next menstrual cycle.
a fertilized egg is called a *** zygote
undifferentiated cells *** Cells that are not specialized for any specific job or purpose; they
can become any part of the body.
, blastocyst *** During prenatal development, the hollowed-out ball of cells that implants into
the uterine wall, ultimately to become the developing organism and its support system.
The germinal period ends with the implantation of the blastocyst, which occurs approximately _
weeks after conception *** 2
ectopic pregnancy *** A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into
one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall.
scientists estimate that approximately _/_ of fertilized eggs fail to implant in the uterine wall,
resulting in miscarriage long before the pregnancy could be detected *** 2/3
What is one defining feature of the germinal period? *** rapid cell division
The first defining feature of the germinal stage is that the cells divide exponentially--from 2 to
more than 256!
How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic? *** The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a
growing zygote or contract during childbirth.
The fallopian tube is too small to allow space for rapid cell division and doesn't provide a
mechanism for removing a developed fetus from the mother's body. The uterus, however, can
expand and contract.
monozygotic twins *** Also known as "identical" twins, monozygotic twins have 100% shared
genetics. During conception, one egg was fertilized by one sperm and then splits into two
separate cells with identical DNA.
______ _____ are always of the same sex. *** identical twins
| Notes and summaries
development *** Growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive (e.g.,
learning to walk or talk) and regressive (e.g., declines in cognitive functioning with age).
teratogens *** Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing
organism during gestation.
*(alcohol, drugs) hinders physical development/ cognitive processes*
cognitive development *** Those interested in this area ask questions about attention (do older
infants like to look at faces more than younger infants do, and if so, why?), language (at what
age do children produce their first words, and how does their rate of word learning increase over
time?), and memory (do 20 month olds remember information for longer durations than 10
month olds, and is there any way to improve long-term memory in these children?).
social development *** studying topics like parent-child interactions (at what age do infants
begin to form bonds with their primary caregivers, and are these bonds stable over time?), sibling
relationships (how do children react to the birth of a new sibling, and do these associations vary
with age?), and peer interactions (is being bullied as a child associated with negative outcomes in
adolescence or adulthood?)
Matching
Language and memory are cognitive and involve specific regions of the brain. Relationships and
friendships are social and involve interactions with others (parents or friends). Interpreting the
behavior of peers (e.g., Bandura's aggression) and how our thoughts and feelings are different
from those of others (theory of mind) are social and cognitive. We'll talk more about each of
,these areas of research throughout the chapter. *** Examining how language develops over the
first two years of life
- cognitive development-
Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age
-social development-
Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers
-social development-
Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood
-cognitive development
Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school
-social cognition-
Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from
those of their peers
-social cognition-
Windsor is studying infants and their ability to learn and think about the world, whereas his
friend Janet is studying how infants interact with other people and peers. Windsor would be
known as a ______________ psychologist while Janet would be known as a ______________
psychologist. *** cognitive; social
Think back to when you learned what a cognitive psychologist studies and as well as a social
psychologist. A cognitive psychologist would study things like how people learn where a social
psychologist would study the interactions amongst people.
Prenatal development is a little bit like assembling a _____ __ ________ *** piece of furniture
,sperm can only survive in the female body for around _ days. *** 5
3 Prenatal Stages *** germinal, embryonic, fetal
germinal *** During prenatal development, the time from conception until approximately 2
weeks later, when the blastocyst implants into the uterine lining.
-first 2 wks; cell duplication; implantation
embryonic *** The second developmental stage which occurs from implantation to
approximately 8 weeks after conception.
wks. 2-8; organogenesis occurs
fetal *** The final stage of prenatal development that occurs from week 9 until birth. During
this stage, the organ systems are able to grow and become mature enough for the fetus to survive
outside of the womb.
wks. 9-40; age of viability (abt. 22 weeks)
In the process of ovulation, an egg is released from one of a woman's two ovaries. In the event
that fertilization of an egg does not occur, what happens to the unfertilized egg? *** If
fertilization doesn't occur, the egg is expelled along with the uterine lining during the woman's
next menstrual cycle.
a fertilized egg is called a *** zygote
undifferentiated cells *** Cells that are not specialized for any specific job or purpose; they
can become any part of the body.
, blastocyst *** During prenatal development, the hollowed-out ball of cells that implants into
the uterine wall, ultimately to become the developing organism and its support system.
The germinal period ends with the implantation of the blastocyst, which occurs approximately _
weeks after conception *** 2
ectopic pregnancy *** A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into
one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall.
scientists estimate that approximately _/_ of fertilized eggs fail to implant in the uterine wall,
resulting in miscarriage long before the pregnancy could be detected *** 2/3
What is one defining feature of the germinal period? *** rapid cell division
The first defining feature of the germinal stage is that the cells divide exponentially--from 2 to
more than 256!
How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic? *** The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a
growing zygote or contract during childbirth.
The fallopian tube is too small to allow space for rapid cell division and doesn't provide a
mechanism for removing a developed fetus from the mother's body. The uterus, however, can
expand and contract.
monozygotic twins *** Also known as "identical" twins, monozygotic twins have 100% shared
genetics. During conception, one egg was fertilized by one sperm and then splits into two
separate cells with identical DNA.
______ _____ are always of the same sex. *** identical twins
