NURS 8022 EXAM 1 2024/2025
(Detailed with complete Questions and Answers)
VERIFIED
Negative Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Promotes stability; cancels out the
original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Promotes a change in one
direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - channels, pores, carriers, enzymes,
receptors, second messengers
Peripheral proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Enzymes, intracellular, signal
mediatiors
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER - Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs down a concentration
gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Diffuse from high to lower
pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the
molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.
Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Passive transport of fluid across a membrane;
from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high
FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Molecules are "pumped"
against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
, Secondary Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Trasport is driven by the
energy STORED in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+);
INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+
concentration
H+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands
(HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium is
pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Co-
transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion
(Na+)
Counter transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Substance is transported in the
opposite direction as the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Increase intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - determined by size, shape,
distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent
Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - Conductance depends on probability
that channel is open.
Equilibrium Potential - CORRECT ANSWER - the diffusion potential that
exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration
difference.
If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... - CORRECT ANSWER - K+
would diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential
across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its
concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
(Detailed with complete Questions and Answers)
VERIFIED
Negative Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Promotes stability; cancels out the
original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Promotes a change in one
direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - channels, pores, carriers, enzymes,
receptors, second messengers
Peripheral proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Enzymes, intracellular, signal
mediatiors
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER - Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs down a concentration
gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Diffuse from high to lower
pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the
molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.
Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Passive transport of fluid across a membrane;
from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high
FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Molecules are "pumped"
against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
, Secondary Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Trasport is driven by the
energy STORED in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+);
INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+
concentration
H+ ATPase - CORRECT ANSWER - - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands
(HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium is
pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Co-
transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion
(Na+)
Counter transport - CORRECT ANSWER - Substance is transported in the
opposite direction as the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Increase intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - determined by size, shape,
distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent
Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - CORRECT ANSWER - Conductance depends on probability
that channel is open.
Equilibrium Potential - CORRECT ANSWER - the diffusion potential that
exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration
difference.
If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... - CORRECT ANSWER - K+
would diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential
across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its
concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
