PSY 306 EXM 1 – Ethics Verified

PSY 306 EXAM 1 – Ethics Verified Answers What are ethics? Distinguish between each of the three ethical perspectives discussed in class. ️Ethics: The application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one to one's decisions and behaviors 1) Utilitarian Perspective: Greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people 2) Altruistic Perspective: Helping others without personal benefit 3) Egoism: Doing what benefits you and your own self-interest Know all of the pertinent details of the Tuskegee Syphilis study, as reviewed in the Deadly Deception film and in class. ️- A 40-year study () where 400 black, low-income, illiterate men from Tuskegee, Alabama were used to observe the long-term effects of untreated Syphilis - They were unaware that they were participants in the study and were never told that they had syphilis - They were never given treatment even after the invention of penicillin and were instead provided with a placebo; over two dozen participants died as a result of the lack of treatment; 40 wives were infected and 19 children were born with a form of syphilis as a result - IRB: Administrative body required by the federal government to protect the rights and welfare of people who are recruited to be participants in research. - It also exposed how racism, bias, and discrimination can influence science - Freimuth et al: The experiment led to a deep mistrust of the medical and scientific community from blacks Wendell Johnson ️- A speech pathologist who hypothesized that stuttering was a learned behavior resulting from parent criticism - He experimented on 22 orphaned children, repeatedly told them they were stutterers, and then berated them whenever they had a speech imperfection in an effort to turn them into stutterers Holmesburg Prison Studies ️- A dermatologist used Philadelphian inmates for 4o years as subjects of tests for shampoos, foot powders, deodorant, and mind-altering drugs and toxic materials - He claimed that it was ethical since the subjects were paid - He experimented on a vulnerable population and tested deadly materials on them Middlemist/Personal Space Study ️- An experiment to test how the speed and flow of men's urination in a public bathroom was affected by the presence/proximity of other urinators - There was no informed consent, no right to privacy, and no debriefing, but some argue the experiment had benefits and little costs Milgram's Obedience Study ️- One person was assigned the role of "student" while the other was a "teacher." - Students were shown word-pairs and expected to remember them; teachers were instructed to shock the student if they got the word-pair wrong - Despite the students yelling and screaming in pain, the researcher would pressure the teacher to continue administering shocks; 65% of male participants followed through with the study to completion, despite how deadly the final shock could be to their students - Was extremely psychologically stressful to participants; some even had seizures Belmont Principles - Beneficence ️- Acting with the purpose of benefiting others - Cost-Benefit Analysis - Potential positive outcomes outweigh potential negative outcomes' - Nonmaleficence - Not doing intentional harm to participants - No loss of confidentiality: Keeping personal info private; responses and behaviors collected from participants become public knowledge or brought under public scrutiny - No loss of anonymity: The individual responses of participants should n