RN ONCOLOGY A RELIAS A LATEST ACTUAL EXAM
Most common type of cancer in adult men - ANSWER: Prostate
Lung
Colon & rectum
Most common types of cancer in adult women - ANSWER: Breast
Lung
Colon & rectum
Highest mortality rates adult men - ANSWER: Lung
Colon rectum
Prostate
Highest mortality rate adult women - ANSWER: Lung
Colon rectum
Breast
Most common types of cancer in pediatric patients - ANSWER: Leukemia
Brain
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Highest Race incidence-male - ANSWER: African American
Highest Race incidence-female - ANSWER: White
Carcinoma - ANSWER: Begins in the skin or tissues covering or lining internal
organs
Sarcoma - ANSWER: Begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective tissues
Leukemia - ANSWER: Begins in blood forming tissue such as bone marrow and large
amounts of immature cells are released into circulation
Lymphoma and myeloma - ANSWER: Begin in the cells of the immune system
Central nervous system cancers - ANSWER: Begin in the brain and spinal cord
Benign - ANSWER: Encapsulated, noninvasive, HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED, mitosis
rare, SLOW GROWTH, NO METASTISIS
Malignant - ANSWER: Nonencapsulated, invasive, POORLY DIFFERENTIATED,
mitosis common, RAPID GROWTH, METASTASES
Carcinogen - ANSWER: Something that causes cancer
, Carcinogenesis - ANSWER: Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Initiation stage - ANSWER: Direct exposure of DNA to carcinogen resulting in
irreversible changes that will permit malignant transformation
Promotion stage - ANSWER: Occurs when the initiated cell is exposed to an agent
that encourages or enhances cell growth
Progression stage - ANSWER: Characterized by a series of changes in the
transformed cell, including accelerated growth rate, enhanced invasiveness, and
altered appearance and biochemical activity
Metastasis stage - ANSWER: The ability of transformed cells to relocate from their
original population by direct extension, invasion, and/or establishment of remote
sites. Tumor develops a blood supply
Routes of metastasis - ANSWER: Lymphatic system-lymph nodes-common
Vascular system-emboli formation-common
Implantion-serosal seeding, surgical manipulation
Genes that influence cancer development - ANSWER: Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes
Oncogenes - ANSWER: Accelerate cancer growth
Tumor suppressor genes - ANSWER: Suppress cancer cells from forming
DNA repair genes - ANSWER: Repairs broken DNA cells to prevent cancer from
forming
Modifiable risk factors - ANSWER: Habits/behaviors
Environmental
Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER: Age
Race
Hereditary
Sex
Cancer prevention - ANSWER: Aimed at measures to ensure that the cancer never
develops
Most common type of cancer in adult men - ANSWER: Prostate
Lung
Colon & rectum
Most common types of cancer in adult women - ANSWER: Breast
Lung
Colon & rectum
Highest mortality rates adult men - ANSWER: Lung
Colon rectum
Prostate
Highest mortality rate adult women - ANSWER: Lung
Colon rectum
Breast
Most common types of cancer in pediatric patients - ANSWER: Leukemia
Brain
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Highest Race incidence-male - ANSWER: African American
Highest Race incidence-female - ANSWER: White
Carcinoma - ANSWER: Begins in the skin or tissues covering or lining internal
organs
Sarcoma - ANSWER: Begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective tissues
Leukemia - ANSWER: Begins in blood forming tissue such as bone marrow and large
amounts of immature cells are released into circulation
Lymphoma and myeloma - ANSWER: Begin in the cells of the immune system
Central nervous system cancers - ANSWER: Begin in the brain and spinal cord
Benign - ANSWER: Encapsulated, noninvasive, HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED, mitosis
rare, SLOW GROWTH, NO METASTISIS
Malignant - ANSWER: Nonencapsulated, invasive, POORLY DIFFERENTIATED,
mitosis common, RAPID GROWTH, METASTASES
Carcinogen - ANSWER: Something that causes cancer
, Carcinogenesis - ANSWER: Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Initiation stage - ANSWER: Direct exposure of DNA to carcinogen resulting in
irreversible changes that will permit malignant transformation
Promotion stage - ANSWER: Occurs when the initiated cell is exposed to an agent
that encourages or enhances cell growth
Progression stage - ANSWER: Characterized by a series of changes in the
transformed cell, including accelerated growth rate, enhanced invasiveness, and
altered appearance and biochemical activity
Metastasis stage - ANSWER: The ability of transformed cells to relocate from their
original population by direct extension, invasion, and/or establishment of remote
sites. Tumor develops a blood supply
Routes of metastasis - ANSWER: Lymphatic system-lymph nodes-common
Vascular system-emboli formation-common
Implantion-serosal seeding, surgical manipulation
Genes that influence cancer development - ANSWER: Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes
Oncogenes - ANSWER: Accelerate cancer growth
Tumor suppressor genes - ANSWER: Suppress cancer cells from forming
DNA repair genes - ANSWER: Repairs broken DNA cells to prevent cancer from
forming
Modifiable risk factors - ANSWER: Habits/behaviors
Environmental
Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER: Age
Race
Hereditary
Sex
Cancer prevention - ANSWER: Aimed at measures to ensure that the cancer never
develops
