ANAPHY LECTURE PRELIMS
Chapter 1: Human Organism 1. Chemical:
o smallest level
o atoms, chemical bonds,
Anatomy molecules
- investigates body structure
2. Cellular:
- term means to dissect o cells: basic units of life
o compartments and
Physiology organelles
o examples of organelles:
- Investigates processes mitochondria, nucleus
Human Physiology: 3. Tissues:
- Studies the human organism o group of cells with similar
structure and function plus
Systematic Physiology extracellular substances
they release
- Studies body organ-systems o four broad types:
➢ Epithelial
➢ Connective
Cellular Physiology ➢ Muscular
- Studies body cells ➢ Nervous
4. Organs:
Types of Anatomy o two or more tissue types
acting together to perform
function(s)
Systemic:
o Examples: stomach, heart,
- studies body organ-systems liver, ovary, bladder, kidney
Regional 5. Organ-System:
- studies body regions (medical o group of organs
schools) contributing to some
function
Surface: o for example, digestive
- studies external features, for system, reproductive
example, bone projections system
Anatomical imaging:
- using technologies (x-rays,
ultrasound, MRI)
STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
6 LEVELS FROM CHEMICAL TO ORGANISM:
, ANAPHY LECTURE PRELIMS
HOMEOSTASIS
6. Organism: • Maintanance of constant internal
o all organ systems working environment despite fluctations in
together
the external or internal
o includes associated
environment.
microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria
VARIABLES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE • Measures of body properties that
may change in value
Examples:
Organization:
Body temperature, heart rate,
❖ functional interrelationships
between parts blood pressure, blood glucose levels,
blood cell counts, respiratory rate
Metabolism:
❖ sum of all chemical and physical NORMAL RANGE: normal extent of
changes sustaining an organism increase or decrease around a set
❖ ability to acquire and use energy point
in support of these changes SET POINT: normal, or average value of
a variable
Responsiveness: • Over time, body temperature fluctuates
❖ ability to sense and respond to around a set poin
environmental changes EXAMPLE;
❖ includes both internal and - Body temperature = fever
external environments - Heart rate, blood pressure,
respiratory rate = exercise
Growth:
❖ can increase in size NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
❖ size of cells, groups of cells, o main mechanism used
extracellular materials homeostatic regulation.
A negative feedback response involves:
Development: detection: of deviation away from
❖ changes in form and size set point and
❖ changes in cell structure and correction: reversal of deviation
function from generalized to toward set point and normal range
specialized—differentiation
Components of feedback:
Reproduction:
❖ formation of new cells or new 1. RECEPTOR:
organisms ➢ detects changes in variable
❖ generation of new individuals 2. CONTROL CENTER:
❖ tissue repair ➢ receives receptor signal
➢ sends signal to effector
3. EFFECTOR:
➢ directly causes change in
variable
Chapter 1: Human Organism 1. Chemical:
o smallest level
o atoms, chemical bonds,
Anatomy molecules
- investigates body structure
2. Cellular:
- term means to dissect o cells: basic units of life
o compartments and
Physiology organelles
o examples of organelles:
- Investigates processes mitochondria, nucleus
Human Physiology: 3. Tissues:
- Studies the human organism o group of cells with similar
structure and function plus
Systematic Physiology extracellular substances
they release
- Studies body organ-systems o four broad types:
➢ Epithelial
➢ Connective
Cellular Physiology ➢ Muscular
- Studies body cells ➢ Nervous
4. Organs:
Types of Anatomy o two or more tissue types
acting together to perform
function(s)
Systemic:
o Examples: stomach, heart,
- studies body organ-systems liver, ovary, bladder, kidney
Regional 5. Organ-System:
- studies body regions (medical o group of organs
schools) contributing to some
function
Surface: o for example, digestive
- studies external features, for system, reproductive
example, bone projections system
Anatomical imaging:
- using technologies (x-rays,
ultrasound, MRI)
STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
6 LEVELS FROM CHEMICAL TO ORGANISM:
, ANAPHY LECTURE PRELIMS
HOMEOSTASIS
6. Organism: • Maintanance of constant internal
o all organ systems working environment despite fluctations in
together
the external or internal
o includes associated
environment.
microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria
VARIABLES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE • Measures of body properties that
may change in value
Examples:
Organization:
Body temperature, heart rate,
❖ functional interrelationships
between parts blood pressure, blood glucose levels,
blood cell counts, respiratory rate
Metabolism:
❖ sum of all chemical and physical NORMAL RANGE: normal extent of
changes sustaining an organism increase or decrease around a set
❖ ability to acquire and use energy point
in support of these changes SET POINT: normal, or average value of
a variable
Responsiveness: • Over time, body temperature fluctuates
❖ ability to sense and respond to around a set poin
environmental changes EXAMPLE;
❖ includes both internal and - Body temperature = fever
external environments - Heart rate, blood pressure,
respiratory rate = exercise
Growth:
❖ can increase in size NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
❖ size of cells, groups of cells, o main mechanism used
extracellular materials homeostatic regulation.
A negative feedback response involves:
Development: detection: of deviation away from
❖ changes in form and size set point and
❖ changes in cell structure and correction: reversal of deviation
function from generalized to toward set point and normal range
specialized—differentiation
Components of feedback:
Reproduction:
❖ formation of new cells or new 1. RECEPTOR:
organisms ➢ detects changes in variable
❖ generation of new individuals 2. CONTROL CENTER:
❖ tissue repair ➢ receives receptor signal
➢ sends signal to effector
3. EFFECTOR:
➢ directly causes change in
variable
