AQU167 – AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
i. Definition of aquaculture
ii. History of aquaculture development in Malaysia
iii. Technologies in aquaculture
1. What is aquaculture?
Definition: An industry that raising aquatic plants and animals in controlled environments
for commercial, recreation or resource management.
2. Comparison between Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries
Aquaculture Capture Fisheries
Cultured activity Hunting-gathering activity
Stocking density can be predicted Unpredictable stock size
Relatively high productivity Relatively low productivity
Stock can be maintain & regulate Difficult to maintain and regulate stock
Yearly productivity increase 10% Yearly productivity increases less than
1%
3. Objectives of Aquaculture
i. To boost national economy
ii. To reduce gap between supply vs demand of food fish
iii. To lessen pressure on capture fisheries
iv. To create employment opportunities
v. To earn foreign exchange
4. History of Aquaculture
- 4000 years ago, first identifiable fishponds were built by Sumerians
- Ancient kept wild-caught fish in ponds, before preparing for meals
- Egyptians tomb picture has Tilapia on it & mummified important species
- Romans favoured Red Mullet as the colour changes of dying fish were admired
- Moray Eel were decorated with jewellery and fed on unwanted and errant
slaves
,5. Aquaculture Development in Malaysia: Brief history
- [1920’s] starts with extensive polyculture of Chinese carps in ex-mining pools
- [Mid 1930’s] marine shrimp trapping ponds
- [Early 40’s] culture of blood cockles
- [Mid 50’s] extensive culture of freshwater fishes in earthen ponds
- [Early 1970’s] semi-intensive culture of shrimp
- [80’s] commercial aquaculture
- [90’s] commercial scale integrated shrimp farms
- [2000’s] emphasis on food safety and fish health management
6. The development processes
i. Hobby
ii. Nutritional advantages
iii. Changed lifestyle
iv. Population growth
v. Need for alternative food
7. Reasons for development
i. Civilization – demand of nutritious food
ii. Agriculture – growth of related field
iii. Resources utilization
iv. Health conscious
v. Employment & earning
8. Variety of technologies in Aquaculture
i. Very simple facilities – family ponds for domestic consumption
ii. High technology systems – intensive closed systems for export
production
- Small modifications: improving food, seeds, oxygen levels, protection from
predators
- Simple systems used for:
i. Raising herbivores
ii. Filter feeding fish
- Development of closed systems:
i. Greater understanding of nutrients, bacteria & cultured organisms
ii. Advances in hydrodynamics
iii. Advantage of isolating the aquaculture systems
,9. New developments
- Developments in engineering
- Increase the possibilities of offshore expansion
- Using robust cages
i. Culture-based capture fisheries
- Release young fish into the wild
- Improve harvest
- For freshwater & anadromous species (exp: salmon)
ii. Capture-based aquaculture
- Growing / fattening young fish (exp: tuna)
- Captured from the wild
iii. Sea ranching
iv. Aquafeeds technology
- Combining large number of ingredients into small pellets
10. Factors to approach the developments
i. Objectives & target beneficiaries
ii. Marketability of culture species
iii. Availability and level of technology
iv. Investment requirements
v. Environmental considerations
11. Main groups of cultured species worldwide and in Malaysia
i. Fishes – freshwater & marine species
ii. Molluscs – bivalve & gastropod
iii. Crustaceans – decapods
iv. Algae – macro & microalgae
12. Aquaculture issues
i. Aquaculture vs development – agriculture
ii. Aquaculture vs environment – pollution
iii. Marketing – standard, certification, food safety
iv. Investor
, CHAPTER 2 – SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION
i. Factors to be developed for Aquaculture
ii. Process to prepare the site & land for Aquaculture
SITE SELECTION
1. Introduction
- Success of an aquaculture depends on the large extent of proper selection of
the site
- Aquaculture operation, determined by the design & management of a farm
- Important: carefully selected site, preliminary aspect
2. Factors to be considered in site selection
i. Ecological factors
ii. Biological factors
iii. Social & economic factors
iv. Other important consideration
a. Ecological factors
i. Topography
- Important factor when analysing a potential site
- Pond design and farm layout will be influenced
- Flat grounds with a slope (2%-3%) suitable for aquaculture
- The steeper land the more works required
- Very flat land more difficult to design & operate
- Land should be above the flood levels
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
i. Definition of aquaculture
ii. History of aquaculture development in Malaysia
iii. Technologies in aquaculture
1. What is aquaculture?
Definition: An industry that raising aquatic plants and animals in controlled environments
for commercial, recreation or resource management.
2. Comparison between Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries
Aquaculture Capture Fisheries
Cultured activity Hunting-gathering activity
Stocking density can be predicted Unpredictable stock size
Relatively high productivity Relatively low productivity
Stock can be maintain & regulate Difficult to maintain and regulate stock
Yearly productivity increase 10% Yearly productivity increases less than
1%
3. Objectives of Aquaculture
i. To boost national economy
ii. To reduce gap between supply vs demand of food fish
iii. To lessen pressure on capture fisheries
iv. To create employment opportunities
v. To earn foreign exchange
4. History of Aquaculture
- 4000 years ago, first identifiable fishponds were built by Sumerians
- Ancient kept wild-caught fish in ponds, before preparing for meals
- Egyptians tomb picture has Tilapia on it & mummified important species
- Romans favoured Red Mullet as the colour changes of dying fish were admired
- Moray Eel were decorated with jewellery and fed on unwanted and errant
slaves
,5. Aquaculture Development in Malaysia: Brief history
- [1920’s] starts with extensive polyculture of Chinese carps in ex-mining pools
- [Mid 1930’s] marine shrimp trapping ponds
- [Early 40’s] culture of blood cockles
- [Mid 50’s] extensive culture of freshwater fishes in earthen ponds
- [Early 1970’s] semi-intensive culture of shrimp
- [80’s] commercial aquaculture
- [90’s] commercial scale integrated shrimp farms
- [2000’s] emphasis on food safety and fish health management
6. The development processes
i. Hobby
ii. Nutritional advantages
iii. Changed lifestyle
iv. Population growth
v. Need for alternative food
7. Reasons for development
i. Civilization – demand of nutritious food
ii. Agriculture – growth of related field
iii. Resources utilization
iv. Health conscious
v. Employment & earning
8. Variety of technologies in Aquaculture
i. Very simple facilities – family ponds for domestic consumption
ii. High technology systems – intensive closed systems for export
production
- Small modifications: improving food, seeds, oxygen levels, protection from
predators
- Simple systems used for:
i. Raising herbivores
ii. Filter feeding fish
- Development of closed systems:
i. Greater understanding of nutrients, bacteria & cultured organisms
ii. Advances in hydrodynamics
iii. Advantage of isolating the aquaculture systems
,9. New developments
- Developments in engineering
- Increase the possibilities of offshore expansion
- Using robust cages
i. Culture-based capture fisheries
- Release young fish into the wild
- Improve harvest
- For freshwater & anadromous species (exp: salmon)
ii. Capture-based aquaculture
- Growing / fattening young fish (exp: tuna)
- Captured from the wild
iii. Sea ranching
iv. Aquafeeds technology
- Combining large number of ingredients into small pellets
10. Factors to approach the developments
i. Objectives & target beneficiaries
ii. Marketability of culture species
iii. Availability and level of technology
iv. Investment requirements
v. Environmental considerations
11. Main groups of cultured species worldwide and in Malaysia
i. Fishes – freshwater & marine species
ii. Molluscs – bivalve & gastropod
iii. Crustaceans – decapods
iv. Algae – macro & microalgae
12. Aquaculture issues
i. Aquaculture vs development – agriculture
ii. Aquaculture vs environment – pollution
iii. Marketing – standard, certification, food safety
iv. Investor
, CHAPTER 2 – SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION
i. Factors to be developed for Aquaculture
ii. Process to prepare the site & land for Aquaculture
SITE SELECTION
1. Introduction
- Success of an aquaculture depends on the large extent of proper selection of
the site
- Aquaculture operation, determined by the design & management of a farm
- Important: carefully selected site, preliminary aspect
2. Factors to be considered in site selection
i. Ecological factors
ii. Biological factors
iii. Social & economic factors
iv. Other important consideration
a. Ecological factors
i. Topography
- Important factor when analysing a potential site
- Pond design and farm layout will be influenced
- Flat grounds with a slope (2%-3%) suitable for aquaculture
- The steeper land the more works required
- Very flat land more difficult to design & operate
- Land should be above the flood levels
