BIO 101 EXAM 2 NVCC ACTUAL EXAM 100 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
What is metabolism? - ANSWER: the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
What is a metabolic pathway? What is required in each step? - ANSWER: is a series
of chemical reactions which begins with a specific molecule and ends with a
product
Each step needs an enzyme
What is difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways? - ANSWER: Catabolic
pathways-release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler
compounds
Anabolic pathways -consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler
ones
What is ATP molecule consists of? Why is it unstable? - ANSWER: is composed of
ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groupsThe
triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring
What is a catalyst? - ANSWER: is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction
How does an enzyme lowers the activation energy of the substrate? - ANSWER:
Enzyme can speed up a reaction by lowering the EA barrier without itself being
consumed, also by right orientation of molecules.
Which factors affect enzyme activity? - ANSWER: temperature
pH
substrate concentration
How competitive and non competitive inhibitors differ from each other? - ANSWER:
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the
substrate
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme
to change shape and making the active site less effective
What are the examples of inhibitors? - ANSWER: toxins, poisons, pesticides, and
antibiotics
What is a feedback inhibition? - ANSWER: the end product of a metabolic pathway
shuts down the pathway
, What are the laws of thermodynamics? - ANSWER: the energy of the universe is
constant, Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (heat) of
the universe,
What are the parts of an enzyme? - ANSWER: substrate, active site
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? - ANSWER: In oxidation, a
substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive
charge is reduced)
What is the ultimate source of energy? - ANSWER: sun
What is phosphorylation? What are the three ways to make ATP? - ANSWER: Light
energy is converted to ATP when the electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass
through a system of carrier molecules
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the endproducts of glycolysis? - ANSWER: is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH per
glucose molecule
What are the products of citric acid cycle? - ANSWER: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What are the stages of cellular respiration? write a flow chart. - ANSWER:
Glycolysis> Aerobic respiration> The Krebs Cycle> The electron transport chain
What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration? - ANSWER:
Cellular Respiration- produces massive amounts of ATP, Needs oxygen, thought to
be evolved after fermentaiton, final electron acceptor is oxygen
Fermentation- Produces little ATP, No oxygen, came first, final electron acceptor is
pyurvate
What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products of fermentation? -
ANSWER: alcohol fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol
lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end
product, with no release of CO2
Products: alcohol, carbon dioxide and lactic acid
What are lipids and proteins broken down into? - ANSWER: glucose and amino acids
What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? Give example of each.
- ANSWER: Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms
Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from
CO2 and other inorganic molecules
What is the function of mesophyll, stomata (stoma) and guard cells? - ANSWER:
Mesophyll- the interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are found
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
What is metabolism? - ANSWER: the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
What is a metabolic pathway? What is required in each step? - ANSWER: is a series
of chemical reactions which begins with a specific molecule and ends with a
product
Each step needs an enzyme
What is difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways? - ANSWER: Catabolic
pathways-release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler
compounds
Anabolic pathways -consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler
ones
What is ATP molecule consists of? Why is it unstable? - ANSWER: is composed of
ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groupsThe
triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring
What is a catalyst? - ANSWER: is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction
How does an enzyme lowers the activation energy of the substrate? - ANSWER:
Enzyme can speed up a reaction by lowering the EA barrier without itself being
consumed, also by right orientation of molecules.
Which factors affect enzyme activity? - ANSWER: temperature
pH
substrate concentration
How competitive and non competitive inhibitors differ from each other? - ANSWER:
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the
substrate
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme
to change shape and making the active site less effective
What are the examples of inhibitors? - ANSWER: toxins, poisons, pesticides, and
antibiotics
What is a feedback inhibition? - ANSWER: the end product of a metabolic pathway
shuts down the pathway
, What are the laws of thermodynamics? - ANSWER: the energy of the universe is
constant, Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (heat) of
the universe,
What are the parts of an enzyme? - ANSWER: substrate, active site
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? - ANSWER: In oxidation, a
substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive
charge is reduced)
What is the ultimate source of energy? - ANSWER: sun
What is phosphorylation? What are the three ways to make ATP? - ANSWER: Light
energy is converted to ATP when the electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass
through a system of carrier molecules
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the endproducts of glycolysis? - ANSWER: is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH per
glucose molecule
What are the products of citric acid cycle? - ANSWER: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What are the stages of cellular respiration? write a flow chart. - ANSWER:
Glycolysis> Aerobic respiration> The Krebs Cycle> The electron transport chain
What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration? - ANSWER:
Cellular Respiration- produces massive amounts of ATP, Needs oxygen, thought to
be evolved after fermentaiton, final electron acceptor is oxygen
Fermentation- Produces little ATP, No oxygen, came first, final electron acceptor is
pyurvate
What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products of fermentation? -
ANSWER: alcohol fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol
lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end
product, with no release of CO2
Products: alcohol, carbon dioxide and lactic acid
What are lipids and proteins broken down into? - ANSWER: glucose and amino acids
What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? Give example of each.
- ANSWER: Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms
Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from
CO2 and other inorganic molecules
What is the function of mesophyll, stomata (stoma) and guard cells? - ANSWER:
Mesophyll- the interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are found
