NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS (VERSION
A& B) / NR 507 WEEK 4 MIDTERM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM LATEST
CHAMBERLAINE
How does blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER: Deoxygenated venous blood →
Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it
contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs
to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle
(pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body
What is systole? - ANSWER: Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole - ANSWER: Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound? - ANSWER: closing of the heart valves
What produces S1? - ANSWER: The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound? - ANSWER: The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves
in diastole
What is cardiac output? - ANSWER: the volume of blood pumped out by each
ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume? - ANSWER: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle
with contraction
What determines cardiac output? - ANSWER: stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload? - ANSWER: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts,
related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the
ventricle during diastole
What is afterload? - ANSWER: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate
blood
What is contractility? - ANSWER: Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force
for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload
Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume? -
ANSWER: Decreased
What conditions can result in decreased contractility? - ANSWER: Ischemia, acidosis,
cardiomyopathy
, What can cause increase afterload? - ANSWER: HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to
the aortic valve
What has the most immediate effect on afterload? - ANSWER: HTN
Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload? - ANSWER: Decreased volume
of blood creates less resistance
What does increased preload do to stroke volume? - ANSWER: Increases stroke
volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however
What can cause a decreased preload? - ANSWER: Hemorrhage,
dehydration...anything that causes reduced blood volume
What side of the heart is affected by cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER: Right (AKA Right
sided HF)
What is cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER: is defined as right ventricular hypertrophy with
eventual RV failure resulting from pulmonary HTN, secondary to pulmonary disease.
Causes dilation (stretching) of the right ventricle causes a back up of blood flow, and
hypertrophy of cardiac cells
What conditions could cause cor pulmonale? - ANSWER: COPD, PE, Pulmonary
fibrosis, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio
What are causes of heart failure? - ANSWER: CAD, HTN, Cardiomyopathy, faulty
heart valves
Explain how systemic HTN can lead to heart failure? - ANSWER: HTN causes
increased LV preload which increases LA preload causing pulmonary edema
What makes up the pulmonary anatomy? - ANSWER: nose->pharynx->larynx-
>trachea->bronchi->bronchioles-->alveoli
What is ventilation? - ANSWER: The action of inhaling and exhaling
What is perfusion? - ANSWER: the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at the
alveolar-capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells
What causes intrinsic asthma? - ANSWER: Something internal, non-allergic factors
(anxiety, chemicals, airborne irritants, exercise, GERD, obesity
What causes extrinsic asthma? - ANSWER: Triggered by chronic allergic reaction
(mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander)
A& B) / NR 507 WEEK 4 MIDTERM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM LATEST
CHAMBERLAINE
How does blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER: Deoxygenated venous blood →
Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it
contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs
to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle
(pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body
What is systole? - ANSWER: Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole - ANSWER: Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound? - ANSWER: closing of the heart valves
What produces S1? - ANSWER: The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound? - ANSWER: The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves
in diastole
What is cardiac output? - ANSWER: the volume of blood pumped out by each
ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume? - ANSWER: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle
with contraction
What determines cardiac output? - ANSWER: stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload? - ANSWER: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts,
related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the
ventricle during diastole
What is afterload? - ANSWER: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate
blood
What is contractility? - ANSWER: Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force
for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload
Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume? -
ANSWER: Decreased
What conditions can result in decreased contractility? - ANSWER: Ischemia, acidosis,
cardiomyopathy
, What can cause increase afterload? - ANSWER: HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to
the aortic valve
What has the most immediate effect on afterload? - ANSWER: HTN
Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload? - ANSWER: Decreased volume
of blood creates less resistance
What does increased preload do to stroke volume? - ANSWER: Increases stroke
volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however
What can cause a decreased preload? - ANSWER: Hemorrhage,
dehydration...anything that causes reduced blood volume
What side of the heart is affected by cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER: Right (AKA Right
sided HF)
What is cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER: is defined as right ventricular hypertrophy with
eventual RV failure resulting from pulmonary HTN, secondary to pulmonary disease.
Causes dilation (stretching) of the right ventricle causes a back up of blood flow, and
hypertrophy of cardiac cells
What conditions could cause cor pulmonale? - ANSWER: COPD, PE, Pulmonary
fibrosis, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio
What are causes of heart failure? - ANSWER: CAD, HTN, Cardiomyopathy, faulty
heart valves
Explain how systemic HTN can lead to heart failure? - ANSWER: HTN causes
increased LV preload which increases LA preload causing pulmonary edema
What makes up the pulmonary anatomy? - ANSWER: nose->pharynx->larynx-
>trachea->bronchi->bronchioles-->alveoli
What is ventilation? - ANSWER: The action of inhaling and exhaling
What is perfusion? - ANSWER: the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at the
alveolar-capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells
What causes intrinsic asthma? - ANSWER: Something internal, non-allergic factors
(anxiety, chemicals, airborne irritants, exercise, GERD, obesity
What causes extrinsic asthma? - ANSWER: Triggered by chronic allergic reaction
(mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander)
