PRN1178 CCC2 Exam 1
1. Impact of Cancer
- group of diseases that characteristically grow in an uncontrolled manner with the
spread of abnormal cells
- if all that are detectable early were diagnosed in localized stages the 5-year survival
rate would be 95%
2. Physiology of Cancer
- neoplasm
- benign neoplasm
- malignant neoplasm
- metastasis
3. Neoplasm
an abnormal replication of cells
4. Benign Neoplasm
- usually harmless
- almost always encapsulated (surrounded by a fibrous capsule)
- capsule prevents the release of cells and restricts their spread to other parts of the
body
- can activate problems if they press against and interfere with the normal structure and
function of nearby organs
5. Malignant Neoplasm
- changes a cell's DNA makeup and function
- cells that do not look or behave like normal cells
* nuclei of cells are large and irregular
, * fail to follow the rules that regulate the reproduction of normal cells
* they do not seem to "know" when to stop multiplying
* offspring proliferate (multiply) in great numbers
- they grow increasingly disorganized, often forming tumor masses
- some cells take on new characteristics so that they do not in any way resemble the cells
of the original tissue
- invade neighboring tissues and travel to other parts of the other body; there they
establish another colony of cells
- demand for nutrients depletes the supply of nourishment available for normal cells
6. Normal and Malignant Skeletal Muscle Cells
7. Classification of Tumors
- classified according to the substances they are formed
* -oma: swelling
* -sarcoma: mesenchymal origin
* -carcinoma: epithelial origin
8. Metastasis
- movement of cells from the original site to other areas of the body
- not all malignant cells spread to other cells, but the majority do
,9. Modes of Dissemination of Cancer
10. Prognosis
depends on how much the malignant cells have attacked the body tissues
11. In Situ
localized growth that remains at the original site and has not yet released its cells even
though the growth may have invaded underlying tissues
12. Localized
- malignant cells are in the area where the new growth started
- at this stage, the disease is much more easily destroyed
13. Regional Malignancy
- cells from original cell have spread to the body area right around the tumor, such as
nearby lymph nodes
- spread has been limited, however, by the body's protective mechanisms
- cells may continue to grow and multiply
- if the regional cancer is not successfully treated, cells will eventually break away and
spread throughout the body
, 14. TMN Staging System
- T: primary tumor
- N: regional nodes
- M: metastasis
- the number written beside each letter indicates how much the malignancy has spread
and attacked other tissues
15. TMN Staging with Numbers
- T1, N0, M0: means tumor is small and localized (no involvement of regional lymph
nodes and no metastasis)
- T1, N2, M1: means a small tumor (T1) with moderate regional involvement (N2) that
has metastasized to one distant site or organ (M1).
16. Causative Factors of Cancer
- all cancers result from defects in the DNA of genes
* can be inherited or caused by mutation
- oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
- immunocompetence
- carcinogens in external and internal environment
17. Mutation
permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
18. Oncogenes
- cancer-causing genes
- mistakes in the instructions inside a cell's DNA genetic code, whereby newly created
cells are no longer normal
* defective gene tells the new cells to multiply at a higher rate
1. Impact of Cancer
- group of diseases that characteristically grow in an uncontrolled manner with the
spread of abnormal cells
- if all that are detectable early were diagnosed in localized stages the 5-year survival
rate would be 95%
2. Physiology of Cancer
- neoplasm
- benign neoplasm
- malignant neoplasm
- metastasis
3. Neoplasm
an abnormal replication of cells
4. Benign Neoplasm
- usually harmless
- almost always encapsulated (surrounded by a fibrous capsule)
- capsule prevents the release of cells and restricts their spread to other parts of the
body
- can activate problems if they press against and interfere with the normal structure and
function of nearby organs
5. Malignant Neoplasm
- changes a cell's DNA makeup and function
- cells that do not look or behave like normal cells
* nuclei of cells are large and irregular
, * fail to follow the rules that regulate the reproduction of normal cells
* they do not seem to "know" when to stop multiplying
* offspring proliferate (multiply) in great numbers
- they grow increasingly disorganized, often forming tumor masses
- some cells take on new characteristics so that they do not in any way resemble the cells
of the original tissue
- invade neighboring tissues and travel to other parts of the other body; there they
establish another colony of cells
- demand for nutrients depletes the supply of nourishment available for normal cells
6. Normal and Malignant Skeletal Muscle Cells
7. Classification of Tumors
- classified according to the substances they are formed
* -oma: swelling
* -sarcoma: mesenchymal origin
* -carcinoma: epithelial origin
8. Metastasis
- movement of cells from the original site to other areas of the body
- not all malignant cells spread to other cells, but the majority do
,9. Modes of Dissemination of Cancer
10. Prognosis
depends on how much the malignant cells have attacked the body tissues
11. In Situ
localized growth that remains at the original site and has not yet released its cells even
though the growth may have invaded underlying tissues
12. Localized
- malignant cells are in the area where the new growth started
- at this stage, the disease is much more easily destroyed
13. Regional Malignancy
- cells from original cell have spread to the body area right around the tumor, such as
nearby lymph nodes
- spread has been limited, however, by the body's protective mechanisms
- cells may continue to grow and multiply
- if the regional cancer is not successfully treated, cells will eventually break away and
spread throughout the body
, 14. TMN Staging System
- T: primary tumor
- N: regional nodes
- M: metastasis
- the number written beside each letter indicates how much the malignancy has spread
and attacked other tissues
15. TMN Staging with Numbers
- T1, N0, M0: means tumor is small and localized (no involvement of regional lymph
nodes and no metastasis)
- T1, N2, M1: means a small tumor (T1) with moderate regional involvement (N2) that
has metastasized to one distant site or organ (M1).
16. Causative Factors of Cancer
- all cancers result from defects in the DNA of genes
* can be inherited or caused by mutation
- oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
- immunocompetence
- carcinogens in external and internal environment
17. Mutation
permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
18. Oncogenes
- cancer-causing genes
- mistakes in the instructions inside a cell's DNA genetic code, whereby newly created
cells are no longer normal
* defective gene tells the new cells to multiply at a higher rate
