SCHIZOPHRENIA PSYCHOLOGY AQA EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED RATED A++
Inter-rater reliability
Two or more health professionals come to the same diagnosis
Criterion Validity
Different methods of assessment come to the same diagnosis
Co-morbidity
Two or more conditions occur simultaneously
Symptom overlap
The same symptoms occur within different conditions
Cheniaux et al (2009)
Two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients using two different assessments
Buckley et al (2009)
Investigated those with schizophrenia and found they were likely to also suffer from another condition
Gottesman (1991)
,Schizophrenia runs in families. Probability of schizophrenia = 48% between MZ twins, 46% if both
parents had it and 10% between DZ twins.
Tienari et al (2004)
Children adopted from 19,000 Finnish mothers at birth. More likely to develop schizophrenia when
biological relatives had it, but not when adoptive parents did. High EE levels also implicated in
development, but only for those with a genetic risk.
Ripke et al (2014)
Meta-analysis of genome studies. Genetic make-up of 37,000 patients compared to 113,000 controls -
108 candidate genes associated with increased risk of schizophrenia
Hyperdopaminergia
High levels of dopamine in the brain's subcortex
Hypodopaminergia
Low levels of dopamine in the brain's cortex
Curran et al (2004)
Drugs that increase levels of dopamine made schizophrenia worse and induce schizophrenia like
symptoms in non-schizophrenics
Goldman-Rakik et al (2004)
Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex thought to have a role in causing negative symptoms of
schizophrenia
Moghaddam and Javitt (2012)
, High levels of glutamate contibute to symptoms of schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is
reductionist as it doesn't consider other neurotransmitters
Neural Correlates
Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience
Allen et al (2007)
Participants listened to recordings of speech and had to identify if it was their own or not. MRI's used to
scan brain.
Allen et al (2007)
Hallucinating schizophrenics made more errors in voice recognition and showed lower levels of activity
in the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls
Juckel et al (2006)
Conducted a study involving reward anticipation on 10 schizophrenic males and a matched control
group.
Juckel et al (2006)
Found healthy males had higher levels of activity in the ventral striatum (involved in reward anticipation)
than those who were schizophrenic. The lower the activity the worse the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Liu and de Haan (2009)
Typical prescribed dose of Chlorpromazine had declined in the past 50 years.
Typical anti-psychotics
Used since the 1950's. Includes Chlorpromazine
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED RATED A++
Inter-rater reliability
Two or more health professionals come to the same diagnosis
Criterion Validity
Different methods of assessment come to the same diagnosis
Co-morbidity
Two or more conditions occur simultaneously
Symptom overlap
The same symptoms occur within different conditions
Cheniaux et al (2009)
Two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients using two different assessments
Buckley et al (2009)
Investigated those with schizophrenia and found they were likely to also suffer from another condition
Gottesman (1991)
,Schizophrenia runs in families. Probability of schizophrenia = 48% between MZ twins, 46% if both
parents had it and 10% between DZ twins.
Tienari et al (2004)
Children adopted from 19,000 Finnish mothers at birth. More likely to develop schizophrenia when
biological relatives had it, but not when adoptive parents did. High EE levels also implicated in
development, but only for those with a genetic risk.
Ripke et al (2014)
Meta-analysis of genome studies. Genetic make-up of 37,000 patients compared to 113,000 controls -
108 candidate genes associated with increased risk of schizophrenia
Hyperdopaminergia
High levels of dopamine in the brain's subcortex
Hypodopaminergia
Low levels of dopamine in the brain's cortex
Curran et al (2004)
Drugs that increase levels of dopamine made schizophrenia worse and induce schizophrenia like
symptoms in non-schizophrenics
Goldman-Rakik et al (2004)
Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex thought to have a role in causing negative symptoms of
schizophrenia
Moghaddam and Javitt (2012)
, High levels of glutamate contibute to symptoms of schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is
reductionist as it doesn't consider other neurotransmitters
Neural Correlates
Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience
Allen et al (2007)
Participants listened to recordings of speech and had to identify if it was their own or not. MRI's used to
scan brain.
Allen et al (2007)
Hallucinating schizophrenics made more errors in voice recognition and showed lower levels of activity
in the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls
Juckel et al (2006)
Conducted a study involving reward anticipation on 10 schizophrenic males and a matched control
group.
Juckel et al (2006)
Found healthy males had higher levels of activity in the ventral striatum (involved in reward anticipation)
than those who were schizophrenic. The lower the activity the worse the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Liu and de Haan (2009)
Typical prescribed dose of Chlorpromazine had declined in the past 50 years.
Typical anti-psychotics
Used since the 1950's. Includes Chlorpromazine
