ADDICTION AQA PSYCHOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Define physical dependance
- a state of the body due to habitual drug use
-which results in withdrawal syndrome when drug is reduced or stopped
-occurs when a withdrawal syndrome is produced
Define psychological dependance
-compulsion to taking drug and compulsion to experience the effects
-Increase in pleasure when doing the specific thing
E.G smoking
Define Tolerance
-Individuals response to a given amount of drug is reduced
-need greater dose to repeat behaviour
Define behavioural tolerance
-person learns through experience to adjust their behaviour to compensate for effects of drug.
-E.G walking slow when drunk to avoid falling over
Define cross tolerance
,-developing tolerance for one type of drug can reduce sensitivity to another
eg. tolerance to cocaine is tolerance to mdma
withdrawal syndrome
-collection of symptoms linked with abstaining from a drug or reducing use
-opposite effect of the feeling the drug created
eg. come down is basically a tiny withdrawal and opposite effects
-once dependant, a person will have these feelings whenever they cannot get the drug
Risk Factors- Genetic vunerability
-predisposition to drug dependency
-someone exposed to a drug, may get addicted if they have this genetic predisposition to the drugs (if
they never encounter the drug they cannot get addicted)
-explains why some people get addicted and some don't
Risk Factors- Genetic Mechanism
- the neurotransmitter dopamine depends on the presence of receptors for dopamine molecules
-there are different types of dopamine receptor
-low levels of D2 receptor have been linked to addiction
-some individuals can break down certain substances
- found that people lack enzyme, CYP2A6, which is in charge of breaking down nicotine, individuals with
CYP2A6, are at risk of nicotine addiction
Evaluation of genetic risk factors
+ Kendler (2012) found adopted children with who had at least 1 parent with addiction, were at greater
risk (8.6%), whereas adopted children with no parent with addiction had less risk (4.2%)
, + Genetic factors increase addiction-related behaviour, E.G a child not being able to control himself in
school may eventually lead to drugs
Risk Factors - Stress
-increased risk of addiction is linked with periods of chronic stress
-Jeffrey Epstein (1998) found strong correlation with rape to then adult alcohol addiction, but only for
women diagnosed with PTSD
-must have vulnerability (child abuse) and later stress (PTSD)
Risk Factors- Personality
-addictive personality is NOT a thing
-there is links between specific characteristics like neuroticism + hostility and addiction tho
(Butler and Montgomery)
- strongest correlation is antisocial personality disorder to addiction (APD) : starts in adolescence and
impulsivity is a key factor to this disorder as a personality-related risk factor (chaotic life-style)
Risk Factors- Family Influences
-perceived parent approval
-parents have positive attitude towards drugs or alcohol can implement in your head that it is normal to
use
-Livingston (2010) found that high-school students who were allowed to drink at home, will drink more
heavily at college
Risk Factors- Peers
- peer relationships become the most important psychosocial risk factor
-Mary O'connell (2009) suggest there was 3 major elements to peer alcohol addiction
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Define physical dependance
- a state of the body due to habitual drug use
-which results in withdrawal syndrome when drug is reduced or stopped
-occurs when a withdrawal syndrome is produced
Define psychological dependance
-compulsion to taking drug and compulsion to experience the effects
-Increase in pleasure when doing the specific thing
E.G smoking
Define Tolerance
-Individuals response to a given amount of drug is reduced
-need greater dose to repeat behaviour
Define behavioural tolerance
-person learns through experience to adjust their behaviour to compensate for effects of drug.
-E.G walking slow when drunk to avoid falling over
Define cross tolerance
,-developing tolerance for one type of drug can reduce sensitivity to another
eg. tolerance to cocaine is tolerance to mdma
withdrawal syndrome
-collection of symptoms linked with abstaining from a drug or reducing use
-opposite effect of the feeling the drug created
eg. come down is basically a tiny withdrawal and opposite effects
-once dependant, a person will have these feelings whenever they cannot get the drug
Risk Factors- Genetic vunerability
-predisposition to drug dependency
-someone exposed to a drug, may get addicted if they have this genetic predisposition to the drugs (if
they never encounter the drug they cannot get addicted)
-explains why some people get addicted and some don't
Risk Factors- Genetic Mechanism
- the neurotransmitter dopamine depends on the presence of receptors for dopamine molecules
-there are different types of dopamine receptor
-low levels of D2 receptor have been linked to addiction
-some individuals can break down certain substances
- found that people lack enzyme, CYP2A6, which is in charge of breaking down nicotine, individuals with
CYP2A6, are at risk of nicotine addiction
Evaluation of genetic risk factors
+ Kendler (2012) found adopted children with who had at least 1 parent with addiction, were at greater
risk (8.6%), whereas adopted children with no parent with addiction had less risk (4.2%)
, + Genetic factors increase addiction-related behaviour, E.G a child not being able to control himself in
school may eventually lead to drugs
Risk Factors - Stress
-increased risk of addiction is linked with periods of chronic stress
-Jeffrey Epstein (1998) found strong correlation with rape to then adult alcohol addiction, but only for
women diagnosed with PTSD
-must have vulnerability (child abuse) and later stress (PTSD)
Risk Factors- Personality
-addictive personality is NOT a thing
-there is links between specific characteristics like neuroticism + hostility and addiction tho
(Butler and Montgomery)
- strongest correlation is antisocial personality disorder to addiction (APD) : starts in adolescence and
impulsivity is a key factor to this disorder as a personality-related risk factor (chaotic life-style)
Risk Factors- Family Influences
-perceived parent approval
-parents have positive attitude towards drugs or alcohol can implement in your head that it is normal to
use
-Livingston (2010) found that high-school students who were allowed to drink at home, will drink more
heavily at college
Risk Factors- Peers
- peer relationships become the most important psychosocial risk factor
-Mary O'connell (2009) suggest there was 3 major elements to peer alcohol addiction
