AQA PSYCHOLOGY, THE APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++

AQA PSYCHOLOGY, THE APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++ psychology emerging as a science; timeline 17th-19th century → psychology is a branch of philosophy 1879 → psychology becomes a science and Wundt's lab is established 1900s → Freud established psychodynamic approach 1913 → Watson and Skinner established the behaviourist approach 1950s → Rogers and Maslow established the humanistic approach 1960s → cognitive approach is established and Bandura proposes the social learning theory 1980s → the biological approach is established eve of 21st century → cognitive neuroscience emerges introspection and Wundt -Wundt's lab was the first psychology lab, opened in 1879 -he used introspection to record conscious thoughts -him and his co-workers aimed to break them down and isolate the structures using structuralism evaluation -it used standardised procedures but it wasn't empirical introspection definition the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes key assumptions of the biological approach -behaviour is rooted in physiology -everything psychological is first biological -behaviour has a genetic basis -psychology should study the brain and genes -behaviour can be explained in terms of localised areas of the brain -damage to certain parts of the brain can lead to behaviour changes -behaviour can be caused by neurotransmitters genotype definition genetic makeup of an organism; e.g eye colour phenotype defintion physical expression of genotype; e.g height structuralism definition understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts (sensations and feelings) empiricism definition the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation cartesian dualism Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter; and that the mind and body are separate entities empiricism John Locke the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment. heredity definition process in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next dizygotic and monozygotic Twins are either DZ (fraternal) twins or MZ (identical) twins. researching genetics; twin studies -comparisons of MZ and DZ twins are used to determine whether or not behaviours are genetic or environmental Concordance rate → the likelihood of one twin having a behaviour if the other one does -if concordance rates for Mz twins are higher than DZ, then a genetic component is assumed researching genetics; adoption studies -looks at the impact of nurture because there's no biological connection between the parents and child, so if they share traits they're likely produced by AQA PSYCHOLOGY, THE APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++ psychology emerging as a science; timeline 17th-19th century → psychology is a branch of philosophy 1879 → psychology becomes a science and Wundt's lab is established 1900s → Freud established psychodynamic approach 1913 → Watson and Skinner established the behaviourist approach 1950s → Rogers and Maslow established the humanistic approach 1960s → cognitive approach is established and Bandura proposes the social learning theory 1980s → the biological approach is established eve of 21st century → cognitive neuroscience emerges introspection and Wundt -Wundt's lab was the first psychology lab, opened in 1879 -he used introspection to record conscious thoughts -him and his co-workers aimed to break them down and isolate the structures using structuralism evaluation -it used standardised procedures but it wasn't empirical introspection definition the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes key assumptions of the biological approach -behaviour is rooted in physiology -everything psychological is first biological -behaviour has a genetic basis -psychology should study the brain and genes -behaviour can be explained in terms of localised areas of the brain -damage to certain parts of the brain can lead to behaviour changes -behaviour can be caused by neurotransmitters genotype definition genetic makeup of an organism; e.g eye colour phenotype defintion physical expression of genotype; e.g height structuralism definition understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts (sensations and feelings) empiricism definition the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation cartesian dualism Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter; and that the mind and body are separate entities empiricism John Locke the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment. heredity definition process in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next dizygotic and monozygotic Twins are either DZ (fraternal) twins or MZ (identical) twins. researching genetics; twin studies -comparisons of MZ and DZ twins are used to determine whether or not behaviours are genetic or environmental Concordance rate → the likelihood of one twin having a behaviour if the other one does -if concordance rates for Mz twins are higher than DZ, then a genetic component is assumed researching genetics; adoption studies -looks at the impact of nurture because there's no biological connection between the parents and child, so if they share traits they're likely produced by