NURS 611 EXAM 1,2,3 AND 4 PATHO MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY BUNDLED
EXAM EACH EXAM CONTAINS 2 VERSIONS ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
Nucleus - ANSWER: Contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure composed
largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-binding proteins, the
histones, that regulate its activity. Therefore, the histones binding to DNA cause
DNA to fold into chromosomes. The wrapping of DNA into tight packages of
chromosomes is essential for cell division in eukaryotes.
Ribosomes - ANSWER: RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope
called nuclear pore complexes. These tiny ribosomes may float free in the
cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic
reticulum. THEIR CHEIF FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE SITES FOR CELLULAR PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS.
Golgi Complex - ANSWER: a network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell. Proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles
called secretory vesicles, the Golgi complex is a refining plant and directs traffic
(i.e. protein, polynucleotides, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSWER: Maintain cellular health through:
-efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-removal of useless organelles
-termination of signal transduction
-signals cellular adaptation
Mitochondria - ANSWER: organelles found in large numbers in most cells and
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. The inner membrane
contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain and these enzymes are essential to
the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cells ATP.
Apoptosis - ANSWER: Programmed cell death. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations.
Necrosis - ANSWER: Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane,
organelle swelling and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hypoxia - ANSWER: #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially in
kidneys and heart)
Physiologic Atrophy - ANSWER: -occurs with early development
, -example: the thymus gland undergoes physiologic atrophy during childhood
Pathologic Atrophy - ANSWER: occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous
stimulation
Hypertrophy - ANSWER: increase in cell size
Physiologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER: hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
endurance training
Pathologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER: hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER: increase in number of cells
Compensatory Hyperplasia - ANSWER: liver regenerates in 2 weeks after 70% is
removed
Pathologic Hyperplasia - ANSWER: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER: Replacement of cells
Example: normal columnar ciliated cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. CAN BE REVERSED IF IRRITANT STOPS
Cellular Metabolism - ANSWER: ATP functions as the energy transferring molecule
(Very important).
Ischemia effects on ATP - ANSWER: A reduction in ATP levels causes the plamsa
membrane's Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of
the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell freely - causing cellular swelling.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER: Three Na+ ions bind to the sodium-binding
sites on carrier's inner face, at the same time, an energy-containing ATP molecule
produced by the mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP dissociates,
transferring its stored energy to the carrier and the carrier then changes shape.
The 3 Na+ ions are then released to the outside of the cell and 2 K+ ions are
attracted to potassium binding sites. The carrier returns to its original shape and
releases the two K+ ions and remaining ATP inside the cell.
Free Radical - ANSWER: An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. To stabilize, the free radical gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one, causing injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates which are key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
EXAM EACH EXAM CONTAINS 2 VERSIONS ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
Nucleus - ANSWER: Contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure composed
largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-binding proteins, the
histones, that regulate its activity. Therefore, the histones binding to DNA cause
DNA to fold into chromosomes. The wrapping of DNA into tight packages of
chromosomes is essential for cell division in eukaryotes.
Ribosomes - ANSWER: RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope
called nuclear pore complexes. These tiny ribosomes may float free in the
cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic
reticulum. THEIR CHEIF FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE SITES FOR CELLULAR PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS.
Golgi Complex - ANSWER: a network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell. Proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles
called secretory vesicles, the Golgi complex is a refining plant and directs traffic
(i.e. protein, polynucleotides, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSWER: Maintain cellular health through:
-efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-removal of useless organelles
-termination of signal transduction
-signals cellular adaptation
Mitochondria - ANSWER: organelles found in large numbers in most cells and
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. The inner membrane
contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain and these enzymes are essential to
the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cells ATP.
Apoptosis - ANSWER: Programmed cell death. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations.
Necrosis - ANSWER: Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane,
organelle swelling and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hypoxia - ANSWER: #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially in
kidneys and heart)
Physiologic Atrophy - ANSWER: -occurs with early development
, -example: the thymus gland undergoes physiologic atrophy during childhood
Pathologic Atrophy - ANSWER: occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous
stimulation
Hypertrophy - ANSWER: increase in cell size
Physiologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER: hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
endurance training
Pathologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER: hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER: increase in number of cells
Compensatory Hyperplasia - ANSWER: liver regenerates in 2 weeks after 70% is
removed
Pathologic Hyperplasia - ANSWER: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER: Replacement of cells
Example: normal columnar ciliated cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. CAN BE REVERSED IF IRRITANT STOPS
Cellular Metabolism - ANSWER: ATP functions as the energy transferring molecule
(Very important).
Ischemia effects on ATP - ANSWER: A reduction in ATP levels causes the plamsa
membrane's Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of
the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell freely - causing cellular swelling.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER: Three Na+ ions bind to the sodium-binding
sites on carrier's inner face, at the same time, an energy-containing ATP molecule
produced by the mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP dissociates,
transferring its stored energy to the carrier and the carrier then changes shape.
The 3 Na+ ions are then released to the outside of the cell and 2 K+ ions are
attracted to potassium binding sites. The carrier returns to its original shape and
releases the two K+ ions and remaining ATP inside the cell.
Free Radical - ANSWER: An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. To stabilize, the free radical gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one, causing injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates which are key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
