NURS 611 EXAM 3 PATHO LATEST TEST BANK 156 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - ANSWER: A. The overall effect of
parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum
phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the
described fashion.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic - ANSWER: c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an
alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated
level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one
of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the
adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The remaining options do not
accurately describe the example given.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. -
ANSWER: D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones
within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal
release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which
is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal
imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate
description of this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin - ANSWER: D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary,
hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound)
forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
,a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone - ANSWER: A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound
to a carrier or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble
hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - ANSWER: B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other
options are not true statements related to the transport of protein hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the
muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct - ANSWER: D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the
stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the
described effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH)
and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a.Positive feedback
c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation - ANSWER: B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular
environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or
endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the
release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not
accurately identified by any of the other options.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
,c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER: A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily
diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
The other options are not true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANSWER: D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone)
and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to
a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the
enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining
messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
c.
Estrogen
b.
Thyroxine
d.
Testosterone - ANSWER: A
Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding of a
hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the
enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma membrane. None of
the other options acts on its target cell via a second messenger.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a.
Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b.
Is continuously synthesized.
c.
Acts as a second messenger.
d.
Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - ANSWER: C
In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular
actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger. The other options are
not true statements related to the control of calcium within the cells.
, The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a.
Posterior
c.
Anterior
b.
Inferior
d.
Superior - ANSWER: A
Only the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.
Antidiuretic hormone acts to cause vasoconstriction when:
a.
Urine output is less than 20 ml/hr.
b.
Serum osmolality is increased.
c.
Osmotic and oncotic pressures are increased.
d.
Vasopressin is pharmacologically administered. - ANSWER: D
ADH was originally named vasopressin because, in extremely high doses, it causes
vasoconstriction and a resulting increase in arterial blood pressure. However,
significant vasoconstriction may only be achieved pharmacologically. Antidiuretic
hormone induced vasoconstriction is not a result of the other options.
What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?
a.
Hypothalamus
c.
Mammary glands
b.
Anterior pituitary
d.
Posterior pituitary - ANSWER: B
Prolactin-releasing factor targets the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the
secretion of prolactin. The other remaining options are incorrect.
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a.
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
c.
Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
b.
Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d.
Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle - ANSWER: A
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - ANSWER: A. The overall effect of
parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum
phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the
described fashion.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic - ANSWER: c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an
alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated
level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one
of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the
adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The remaining options do not
accurately describe the example given.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. -
ANSWER: D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones
within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal
release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which
is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal
imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate
description of this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin - ANSWER: D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary,
hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound)
forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
,a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone - ANSWER: A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound
to a carrier or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble
hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - ANSWER: B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other
options are not true statements related to the transport of protein hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the
muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct - ANSWER: D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the
stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the
described effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH)
and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a.Positive feedback
c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation - ANSWER: B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular
environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or
endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the
release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not
accurately identified by any of the other options.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
,c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER: A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily
diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
The other options are not true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANSWER: D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone)
and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to
a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the
enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining
messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
c.
Estrogen
b.
Thyroxine
d.
Testosterone - ANSWER: A
Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding of a
hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the
enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma membrane. None of
the other options acts on its target cell via a second messenger.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a.
Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b.
Is continuously synthesized.
c.
Acts as a second messenger.
d.
Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - ANSWER: C
In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular
actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger. The other options are
not true statements related to the control of calcium within the cells.
, The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a.
Posterior
c.
Anterior
b.
Inferior
d.
Superior - ANSWER: A
Only the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.
Antidiuretic hormone acts to cause vasoconstriction when:
a.
Urine output is less than 20 ml/hr.
b.
Serum osmolality is increased.
c.
Osmotic and oncotic pressures are increased.
d.
Vasopressin is pharmacologically administered. - ANSWER: D
ADH was originally named vasopressin because, in extremely high doses, it causes
vasoconstriction and a resulting increase in arterial blood pressure. However,
significant vasoconstriction may only be achieved pharmacologically. Antidiuretic
hormone induced vasoconstriction is not a result of the other options.
What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?
a.
Hypothalamus
c.
Mammary glands
b.
Anterior pituitary
d.
Posterior pituitary - ANSWER: B
Prolactin-releasing factor targets the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the
secretion of prolactin. The other remaining options are incorrect.
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a.
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
c.
Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
b.
Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d.
Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle - ANSWER: A
