NURS 611 EXAM 4 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND REAL EXAM
TEST BANK COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
How much cardiac output do the kidneys require? - ANSWER: 20-25%
What is the most common type of renal stone? - ANSWER: Calcium Oxalate
Kidney stones cause what type of pain? - ANSWER: Referred pain in the umbilicus
How is acute unilateral renal obstruction a risk factor for HTN? - ANSWER: Decreased
kidney perfusion activates the RAAS
What are 2 main clinical manifestations of UTI in the elderly? - ANSWER: Confusion
and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
What is the main cause of UTI's in men? - ANSWER: Prostatitis
Pyelonephritis is an infection of what? - ANSWER: ureters, renal pelvis, and kidney
interstitium
What are the most common causes pyelonephritis? - ANSWER: Urinary obstruction
& vesicoureteral reflux (reflux of urine from bladder)
What are the most common organisms associated with pyelonephritis? - ANSWER: E.
Coli, proteus, and pseudomonas
What is a hallmark sign of pyelonephritis (lab result)? - ANSWER: WBC casts
How do you differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis? - ANSWER: Urine
culture, UA, WBC casts, and s/s
What is a normal GFR? - ANSWER: 60 or greater
What lab results indicate reduced GFR during glomerular disease? - ANSWER:
Elevated plasma urea, elevated creatinine concentration, reduced creatinine
clearance, and RBC casts
What is the cause of Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS)/Interstitial Cystitis (IC)? -
ANSWER: Cause unknown - autoimmune reaction is suspected
What are the two most common s/s of acute glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER:
Hematuria & Proteinuria
, In severe cases of acute glomerulonephritis, what s/s accompany hematuria &
proteinuria? - ANSWER: Edema, HTN, and impaired renal function
A patient presents with RBC casts in urine, edema, HTN, and oliguria. What diagnosis
would you anticipate? - ANSWER: Acute glomerulonephritis
What lab results would you expect in someone with nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER:
proteinuria (>3.0g) and hypoalbuminemia (<3)
PROTEIN DUMPING
How does AKI progress? - ANSWER: Acute & rapid
Is AKI reversible? - ANSWER: It can be
What lab values would you expect to see in AKI? - ANSWER: Hyperkalemia,
metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, fluid retention, and mildly
elevated serum creatinine and urea.
When will serum creatinine and urea become elevated in AKI? - ANSWER: When GFR
is reduced by 50% or more for at least 24 hours
What lab is important to monitor in a patient with AKI? - ANSWER: GFR
What patients typically experience GERD? - ANSWER: Obese, those with hiatal
hernias, and drugs or chemicals that relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
What drugs & chemicals can cause GERD? - ANSWER: Anticholinergics, nitrates,
calcium channel blockers, nicotine
What are common s/s associated with GERD? - ANSWER: Upper abdominal pain
within 1 hour of eating, increased abdominal pain when laying down, increased
intra-abdominal pressure, heartburn, chronic cough, asthma attacks, and laryngitis
Patients with GERD should avoid what? - ANSWER: Caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, and
nicotine.
What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction? - ANSWER: Adhesions
(50-70% of cases)
What are the first signs of a bowel obstruction? - ANSWER: Abdominal distention
and absent bowel sounds
In an obstruction at the pylorus, or high in the small intestine, what ABGs are seen
initially? - ANSWER: Metabolic alkalosis - due to excessive loss of hydrogen ions
TEST BANK COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
How much cardiac output do the kidneys require? - ANSWER: 20-25%
What is the most common type of renal stone? - ANSWER: Calcium Oxalate
Kidney stones cause what type of pain? - ANSWER: Referred pain in the umbilicus
How is acute unilateral renal obstruction a risk factor for HTN? - ANSWER: Decreased
kidney perfusion activates the RAAS
What are 2 main clinical manifestations of UTI in the elderly? - ANSWER: Confusion
and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
What is the main cause of UTI's in men? - ANSWER: Prostatitis
Pyelonephritis is an infection of what? - ANSWER: ureters, renal pelvis, and kidney
interstitium
What are the most common causes pyelonephritis? - ANSWER: Urinary obstruction
& vesicoureteral reflux (reflux of urine from bladder)
What are the most common organisms associated with pyelonephritis? - ANSWER: E.
Coli, proteus, and pseudomonas
What is a hallmark sign of pyelonephritis (lab result)? - ANSWER: WBC casts
How do you differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis? - ANSWER: Urine
culture, UA, WBC casts, and s/s
What is a normal GFR? - ANSWER: 60 or greater
What lab results indicate reduced GFR during glomerular disease? - ANSWER:
Elevated plasma urea, elevated creatinine concentration, reduced creatinine
clearance, and RBC casts
What is the cause of Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS)/Interstitial Cystitis (IC)? -
ANSWER: Cause unknown - autoimmune reaction is suspected
What are the two most common s/s of acute glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER:
Hematuria & Proteinuria
, In severe cases of acute glomerulonephritis, what s/s accompany hematuria &
proteinuria? - ANSWER: Edema, HTN, and impaired renal function
A patient presents with RBC casts in urine, edema, HTN, and oliguria. What diagnosis
would you anticipate? - ANSWER: Acute glomerulonephritis
What lab results would you expect in someone with nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER:
proteinuria (>3.0g) and hypoalbuminemia (<3)
PROTEIN DUMPING
How does AKI progress? - ANSWER: Acute & rapid
Is AKI reversible? - ANSWER: It can be
What lab values would you expect to see in AKI? - ANSWER: Hyperkalemia,
metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, fluid retention, and mildly
elevated serum creatinine and urea.
When will serum creatinine and urea become elevated in AKI? - ANSWER: When GFR
is reduced by 50% or more for at least 24 hours
What lab is important to monitor in a patient with AKI? - ANSWER: GFR
What patients typically experience GERD? - ANSWER: Obese, those with hiatal
hernias, and drugs or chemicals that relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
What drugs & chemicals can cause GERD? - ANSWER: Anticholinergics, nitrates,
calcium channel blockers, nicotine
What are common s/s associated with GERD? - ANSWER: Upper abdominal pain
within 1 hour of eating, increased abdominal pain when laying down, increased
intra-abdominal pressure, heartburn, chronic cough, asthma attacks, and laryngitis
Patients with GERD should avoid what? - ANSWER: Caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, and
nicotine.
What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction? - ANSWER: Adhesions
(50-70% of cases)
What are the first signs of a bowel obstruction? - ANSWER: Abdominal distention
and absent bowel sounds
In an obstruction at the pylorus, or high in the small intestine, what ABGs are seen
initially? - ANSWER: Metabolic alkalosis - due to excessive loss of hydrogen ions
