The Human Organism ➢ Adaptation – behavioural and structural adjustments
• Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. ➢ Reproduction – produce an offspring
➢ Systemic anatomy – body systems ➢ Homeostasis – existence of a relatively constant environment within the body
➢ Regional anatomy – organization of body areas ✓ Variables – conditions that affects functions of body
➢ Surface anatomy – external features ✓ Set point – ideal normal value (e.g. body temperature)
➢ Anatomic imaging – use of technologies to create pictures of internal ✓ Normal Range – range of values slightly around the set point
structures • Negative-feedback – function to maintain homeostasis; maintains variation witin a
• Physiology is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of normal range
living things. ➢ Receptor – monitors the value of a variable
➢ Human Physiology ➢ Control center – establishes the set point around which the variable is
➢ Cellular Physiology maintained
➢ Systemic Physiology ➢ Effector – change the value of the variable
• Structural and Functional Organization • Positive-feedback – makes deviation to the normal values even greater
➢ Atoms _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Molecule Terminology and Body Plan
➢ Organelles • Anatomic position refers to the a person standing erect with the face directed
➢ Cell forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing
➢ Tissue upward.
➢ Organ
➢ Organ system
• Directional Terms for Humans:
➢ Inferior – below
➢ Superior – above
➢ Anterior – toward the front of the body
➢ Posterior – toward the back of the body
➢ Organism ➢ Dorsal – toward the back (synonymous to posterior)
• Characteristics of Life ➢ Ventral – toward the belly (synonymous to anterior)
➢ Cellular organization – composed of one or more cells ➢ Proximal – closer to the point of attachment
➢ Metabolism – uses energy ➢ Distal – farther from the point of attachment
➢ Need of water ➢ Lateral – away from the midline of the body
➢ Growth and development ➢ Medial – toward the midline of the body
➢ Irritability – respond to stimuli ➢ Superficial – toward the surface
➢ Motility – ability to move ➢ Deep – away from the surface
,
, Subdivision of the Abdomen • Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
• Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity – surrounded by rib cage and is separated from abdominal cavity by
the diaphragm
• Mediastinum – partition contacting the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, etc.
• Abdominal cavity – bounded by abdominal muscles and contains stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.
• Pelvic cavity – small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
• Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. ➢ Reproduction – produce an offspring
➢ Systemic anatomy – body systems ➢ Homeostasis – existence of a relatively constant environment within the body
➢ Regional anatomy – organization of body areas ✓ Variables – conditions that affects functions of body
➢ Surface anatomy – external features ✓ Set point – ideal normal value (e.g. body temperature)
➢ Anatomic imaging – use of technologies to create pictures of internal ✓ Normal Range – range of values slightly around the set point
structures • Negative-feedback – function to maintain homeostasis; maintains variation witin a
• Physiology is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of normal range
living things. ➢ Receptor – monitors the value of a variable
➢ Human Physiology ➢ Control center – establishes the set point around which the variable is
➢ Cellular Physiology maintained
➢ Systemic Physiology ➢ Effector – change the value of the variable
• Structural and Functional Organization • Positive-feedback – makes deviation to the normal values even greater
➢ Atoms _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Molecule Terminology and Body Plan
➢ Organelles • Anatomic position refers to the a person standing erect with the face directed
➢ Cell forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing
➢ Tissue upward.
➢ Organ
➢ Organ system
• Directional Terms for Humans:
➢ Inferior – below
➢ Superior – above
➢ Anterior – toward the front of the body
➢ Posterior – toward the back of the body
➢ Organism ➢ Dorsal – toward the back (synonymous to posterior)
• Characteristics of Life ➢ Ventral – toward the belly (synonymous to anterior)
➢ Cellular organization – composed of one or more cells ➢ Proximal – closer to the point of attachment
➢ Metabolism – uses energy ➢ Distal – farther from the point of attachment
➢ Need of water ➢ Lateral – away from the midline of the body
➢ Growth and development ➢ Medial – toward the midline of the body
➢ Irritability – respond to stimuli ➢ Superficial – toward the surface
➢ Motility – ability to move ➢ Deep – away from the surface
,
, Subdivision of the Abdomen • Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
• Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity – surrounded by rib cage and is separated from abdominal cavity by
the diaphragm
• Mediastinum – partition contacting the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, etc.
• Abdominal cavity – bounded by abdominal muscles and contains stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.
• Pelvic cavity – small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
