Zoology Lecture Notes:
Evolutionary Perspective:
_______________________________________________________________________
• Zoology is the study of animals.
• It is a broad field that requires zoologists to specialize in one or more disciplines. _______________________________________________________________________
Examples of Specializations in Zoology _______________________________________________________________________
Subdiscipline Description
Anatomy Study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts _______________________________________________________________________
Cytology Study of the structure and function of cells _______________________________________________________________________
Ecology Study of the interaction of organisms with their environment
Embryology Study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to _______________________________________________________________________
birth or hatching _______________________________________________________________________
Genetics Study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents
to offspring _______________________________________________________________________
Histology Study of tissues _______________________________________________________________________
Molecular Study of subcellular details of structure and function
_______________________________________________________________________
biology
Parasitology Study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense _______________________________________________________________________
of the host
_______________________________________________________________________
Physiology Study of the function of organisms and their parts
Systematics Study of the classification of, and the evolutionary relationships _______________________________________________________________________
among, animal groups
_______________________________________________________________________
Examples of Specializations in Zoology by Taxonomic Categories
_______________________________________________________________________
Subdiscipline Description
Entomology Study of insects _______________________________________________________________________
Herpetology Study of amphibians and reptiles
_______________________________________________________________________
Ichthyology Study of fishes
Mammalogy Study of mammals _______________________________________________________________________
Ornithology Study of birds _______________________________________________________________________
Protozoology Study of protozoa
• Animals share a common evolutionary past and evolutionary forces that influenced _______________________________________________________________________
their history _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Evolutionary processes have resulted in an estimated 4 to 100 million species of
animals living today. (over 1 million species have been described) _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Many more, about 90%, existed in the past and have become extinct. _______________________________________________________________________
• Evolution explains how the diversity of animals arose.
➢ Organic evolution is change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms _______________________________________________________________________
over time. _______________________________________________________________________
• Evolutionary relationships are the basis for the classification of animals into a
_______________________________________________________________________
hierarchical system.
• The classification system uses a two-part name for every kind of animal. _______________________________________________________________________
, ➢ Binomial Nomenclature in plants by Karl von Linne has also been adopted for _______________________________________________________________________
animals.
Lecture Notes:
• Higher levels of classification denote more distant evolutionary relationships.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Ecological Perspective
• Animals share common environments _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their
_______________________________________________________________________
environment
• Ecological principles help us to understand how animals interact within those _______________________________________________________________________
environments.
_______________________________________________________________________
• Human overpopulation is at the root of virtually all other environmental problems. It
stresses world resources and results in pollution, climate change, deforestation, and _______________________________________________________________________
the extinction of many plant and animal species. _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Endangered species are species in imminent danger of extinction throughout its
range _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Threatened species are species which are likely to become endangered in the _______________________________________________________________________
near future.
_______________________________________________________________________
Animal Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems _______________________________________________________________________
• Cell is the basic unit of life and structure.
• Antoine Van Leewenhoek observed microorganisms through his crafted microscope. _______________________________________________________________________
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell. _______________________________________________________________________
• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus.
_______________________________________________________________________
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.- Matthias Schleiden _______________________________________________________________________
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms.- Theodore _______________________________________________________________________
Schwann
3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells – Rudolf Virchow _______________________________________________________________________
Basic Parts of Eukaryotic Cells _______________________________________________________________________
Parts Description
_______________________________________________________________________
, Plasma membrane Outer boundary of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm Portion of cell outside the nucleus
_______________________________________________________________________
Nucleus Control center of the cell
Lecture Notes:
Eukaryotic Cellular Components _______________________________________________________________________
Components Description
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis _______________________________________________________________________
Endoplasmic reticulum Manufacturer and shipper of the cell
Golgi complex Packaging counters of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Lysosomes Suicide bags of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Vacuoles Storage tanks of the cell
_______________________________________________________________________
Centrioles Helpers in cell division
Cytoskeleton Framework of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Cell wall Contains cellulose and other compounds like pectin
_______________________________________________________________________
Centriole Functions in mitotic spindle formation
Chromosomes Controls heredity and cellular activities _______________________________________________________________________
Cytosol Fluid part of cytoplasm/houses organelles _______________________________________________________________________
Vesicle Contains enzymes or secretory products
Vaults Pick up molecules synthesize in the nucleus _______________________________________________________________________
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells _______________________________________________________________________
Prokaryote- organisms that have prokaryotic type of cell. Example: bacteria _______________________________________________________________________
Eukaryote- organisms that have eukaryotic type of cell. Example: plant and animal
Characteristics PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE _______________________________________________________________________
SIZE OF CELL 1-20 µm 10-100 µm _______________________________________________________________________
NUCLEUS absent present _______________________________________________________________________
CHROMOSOMES 1 More than 1
PLASMA MEMBRANE present present _______________________________________________________________________
RIBOSOME Present (smaller) present _______________________________________________________________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM absent present
_______________________________________________________________________
GOLGI APPARATUS absent present
DNA CIRCULAR DOUBLE STRANDED _______________________________________________________________________
LYSOSOMES absent present _______________________________________________________________________
MITOCHONDRIA absent present
_______________________________________________________________________
CYTOSKELETON Sometimes absent present
VACUOLES present present _______________________________________________________________________
VESICLES present present _______________________________________________________________________
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
_______________________________________________________________________
, Structure Plant Cell Animal Cell _______________________________________________________________________
1. Cell Wall Present Absent
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Chloroplast Present Absent
3. Vacuoles One large central vacuole Many small vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________
4. Centriole Present Paired
5. Lysosomes Absent Present Lecture Notes:
Cell Transport _______________________________________________________________________
Passive Transport - cell doesn’t use Active Transport - cell does use _______________________________________________________________________
energy energy
1. Diffusion 1. Protein Pumps _______________________________________________________________________
2. Facilitated Diffusion 2. Endocytosis _______________________________________________________________________
3. Osmosis 3. Exocytosis
_______________________________________________________________________
• Tissues are similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function
Types of Animal Tissue _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
• Organs are the functional units of an animal’s body that are made up of _______________________________________________________________________
more than one type of tissue _______________________________________________________________________
• Organ system is an association of organs that together performs specific
_______________________________________________________________________
body function wit one another to contribute to the total organism.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Evolutionary Perspective:
_______________________________________________________________________
• Zoology is the study of animals.
• It is a broad field that requires zoologists to specialize in one or more disciplines. _______________________________________________________________________
Examples of Specializations in Zoology _______________________________________________________________________
Subdiscipline Description
Anatomy Study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts _______________________________________________________________________
Cytology Study of the structure and function of cells _______________________________________________________________________
Ecology Study of the interaction of organisms with their environment
Embryology Study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to _______________________________________________________________________
birth or hatching _______________________________________________________________________
Genetics Study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents
to offspring _______________________________________________________________________
Histology Study of tissues _______________________________________________________________________
Molecular Study of subcellular details of structure and function
_______________________________________________________________________
biology
Parasitology Study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense _______________________________________________________________________
of the host
_______________________________________________________________________
Physiology Study of the function of organisms and their parts
Systematics Study of the classification of, and the evolutionary relationships _______________________________________________________________________
among, animal groups
_______________________________________________________________________
Examples of Specializations in Zoology by Taxonomic Categories
_______________________________________________________________________
Subdiscipline Description
Entomology Study of insects _______________________________________________________________________
Herpetology Study of amphibians and reptiles
_______________________________________________________________________
Ichthyology Study of fishes
Mammalogy Study of mammals _______________________________________________________________________
Ornithology Study of birds _______________________________________________________________________
Protozoology Study of protozoa
• Animals share a common evolutionary past and evolutionary forces that influenced _______________________________________________________________________
their history _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Evolutionary processes have resulted in an estimated 4 to 100 million species of
animals living today. (over 1 million species have been described) _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Many more, about 90%, existed in the past and have become extinct. _______________________________________________________________________
• Evolution explains how the diversity of animals arose.
➢ Organic evolution is change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms _______________________________________________________________________
over time. _______________________________________________________________________
• Evolutionary relationships are the basis for the classification of animals into a
_______________________________________________________________________
hierarchical system.
• The classification system uses a two-part name for every kind of animal. _______________________________________________________________________
, ➢ Binomial Nomenclature in plants by Karl von Linne has also been adopted for _______________________________________________________________________
animals.
Lecture Notes:
• Higher levels of classification denote more distant evolutionary relationships.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Ecological Perspective
• Animals share common environments _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their
_______________________________________________________________________
environment
• Ecological principles help us to understand how animals interact within those _______________________________________________________________________
environments.
_______________________________________________________________________
• Human overpopulation is at the root of virtually all other environmental problems. It
stresses world resources and results in pollution, climate change, deforestation, and _______________________________________________________________________
the extinction of many plant and animal species. _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Endangered species are species in imminent danger of extinction throughout its
range _______________________________________________________________________
➢ Threatened species are species which are likely to become endangered in the _______________________________________________________________________
near future.
_______________________________________________________________________
Animal Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems _______________________________________________________________________
• Cell is the basic unit of life and structure.
• Antoine Van Leewenhoek observed microorganisms through his crafted microscope. _______________________________________________________________________
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell. _______________________________________________________________________
• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus.
_______________________________________________________________________
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.- Matthias Schleiden _______________________________________________________________________
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms.- Theodore _______________________________________________________________________
Schwann
3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells – Rudolf Virchow _______________________________________________________________________
Basic Parts of Eukaryotic Cells _______________________________________________________________________
Parts Description
_______________________________________________________________________
, Plasma membrane Outer boundary of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm Portion of cell outside the nucleus
_______________________________________________________________________
Nucleus Control center of the cell
Lecture Notes:
Eukaryotic Cellular Components _______________________________________________________________________
Components Description
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis _______________________________________________________________________
Endoplasmic reticulum Manufacturer and shipper of the cell
Golgi complex Packaging counters of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Lysosomes Suicide bags of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Vacuoles Storage tanks of the cell
_______________________________________________________________________
Centrioles Helpers in cell division
Cytoskeleton Framework of the cell _______________________________________________________________________
Cell wall Contains cellulose and other compounds like pectin
_______________________________________________________________________
Centriole Functions in mitotic spindle formation
Chromosomes Controls heredity and cellular activities _______________________________________________________________________
Cytosol Fluid part of cytoplasm/houses organelles _______________________________________________________________________
Vesicle Contains enzymes or secretory products
Vaults Pick up molecules synthesize in the nucleus _______________________________________________________________________
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells _______________________________________________________________________
Prokaryote- organisms that have prokaryotic type of cell. Example: bacteria _______________________________________________________________________
Eukaryote- organisms that have eukaryotic type of cell. Example: plant and animal
Characteristics PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE _______________________________________________________________________
SIZE OF CELL 1-20 µm 10-100 µm _______________________________________________________________________
NUCLEUS absent present _______________________________________________________________________
CHROMOSOMES 1 More than 1
PLASMA MEMBRANE present present _______________________________________________________________________
RIBOSOME Present (smaller) present _______________________________________________________________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM absent present
_______________________________________________________________________
GOLGI APPARATUS absent present
DNA CIRCULAR DOUBLE STRANDED _______________________________________________________________________
LYSOSOMES absent present _______________________________________________________________________
MITOCHONDRIA absent present
_______________________________________________________________________
CYTOSKELETON Sometimes absent present
VACUOLES present present _______________________________________________________________________
VESICLES present present _______________________________________________________________________
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
_______________________________________________________________________
, Structure Plant Cell Animal Cell _______________________________________________________________________
1. Cell Wall Present Absent
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Chloroplast Present Absent
3. Vacuoles One large central vacuole Many small vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________
4. Centriole Present Paired
5. Lysosomes Absent Present Lecture Notes:
Cell Transport _______________________________________________________________________
Passive Transport - cell doesn’t use Active Transport - cell does use _______________________________________________________________________
energy energy
1. Diffusion 1. Protein Pumps _______________________________________________________________________
2. Facilitated Diffusion 2. Endocytosis _______________________________________________________________________
3. Osmosis 3. Exocytosis
_______________________________________________________________________
• Tissues are similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function
Types of Animal Tissue _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
• Organs are the functional units of an animal’s body that are made up of _______________________________________________________________________
more than one type of tissue _______________________________________________________________________
• Organ system is an association of organs that together performs specific
_______________________________________________________________________
body function wit one another to contribute to the total organism.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
