• Science – a systematic body of knowledge; a way of finding truth
• Technology – product of science Notes:
• Society – composed of people interacting together
Branches of Science
Branches of Science:
• Formal Science – analysis of numerical data and reasoning
• Natural Science – study of nature and universe
a. Physical Science – physical entities/non-living things
b. Biological Science – study of living tings
• Social Science – concerned with society and human interactions
Scientific Method – a systematic approach to solve a problem
1. Making OBSERVATIONS
Observations are data gathered through the use of senses and some tools.
Inference is getting an idea from an observation.
2. Identifying the PROBLEM
3. RESEARCHING
4. Formulating a HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis is an educated guess.
5. EXPERIMENTING
• Independent variable – the factor that is manipulated
• Dependent variable – the factor that is affected by the independent variable
• Fair testing is when you change only one variable in an experiment that is an
independent variable.
6. ANALYZING the result
7. Making CONCLUSION
Theory – hypothesis that has been tested and consistently supported by data.
Law – summary of all experimental results.
Scientific Attitudes
Curiosity or Inquisitiveness Humility
the desire to learn free of arrogance
Logical Perseverance
Systematic determined
Objectivity Skepticism
being free from personal biases ability to validate
Open-mindedness Ability to accept failure
being adaptable and flexible finding new ways to resolve a
problem
, Earth’s Timeline
Earth Forms – 4.6 Billion of years ago
The Earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions in the giant disc-
shaped cloud of material that also formed the Sun. Gravity slowly gathered this gas and dust together
into clumps that became asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals. These objects collided
repeatedly and gradually got bigger, building up the planets in the Solar System, including the Earth.
Moon Forms – 4.5 Billion of years ago
At this time, an object about the size of Mars struck the Earth. This early planet, which has been named
Theia, was partially absorbed into the Earth, but a large amount of debris was also sprayed out into
space. Gravity pulled the debris into orbit around our planet and, as the numerous fragments collided,
they began to clump
Earth’s Bombardment – 3.8 Billion of years ago
About 4 to 3.8 billion years ago a period of intense comet and asteroid bombardment is thought to have
peppered all the planets including the Earth. Many of the numerous craters found on the Moon and
other bodies in the Solar System record this event.
One theory holds that a gravitational surge caused by the orbital interaction of Jupiter and Saturn sent
Neptune careening into the ring of comets in the outer Solar System. The disrupted comets were sent in
all directions and collided with the planets. These water-rich objects may have provided much of the
water in the Earth's oceans.
Early Life: Oxygen enters the atmosphere – 2.4 Billion of years ago
Early bacterial life introduced oxygen to the atmosphere. As the first free oxygen was released through
photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, it was initially soaked up by iron dissolved in the oceans and formed
red coloured iron oxide, which settled to the ocean floor. Over time, distinctive sedimentary rocks
called banded iron formations were created by these iron oxide deposits. Once the iron in the oceans
was used up, the iron oxide stopped being deposited and oxygen was able to start building
Snowball Earth – 650 Million of years ago
Snowball Earth describes a theory that for millions of years the Earth was almost entirely or wholly
covered in ice, stretching from the poles to the tropics.
This freezing happened over 650 million years ago in the Pre-Cambrian, though it's now thought that
there may have been more than one of these global glaciations. They varied in duration and extent but
during a full-on snowball event, life could only cling on in ice-free refuges, or where sunlight managed
to penetrate through the ice to allow photosynthesis.
, Life explodes – 545 Million of years ago
Life became more diverse and abundant in the seas during the Cambrian time period, which started
about 545 million years ago. Fossils in Pre-Cambrian rocks are of simple life forms such as bacteria,
with more complex soft-bodied creatures appearing towards the beginning of the Cambrian. Cambrian
rocks show large numbers of many different types animals, many with hard shells.
Major mass extinctions - 450-440 Million of years ago
Following the "explosion" of life during the Cambrian geological time period, the fossil record suggests
that life has become increasingly diverse through time. However, this general trend is punctuated by
periods of time when large numbers of organisms became extinct. The largest five of these events are
called major mass extinctions. Climate change, volcanoes and asteroid impacts have all been
suggested as causes of these events. The event that wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million years
ago is one of the "big five" and experts now favour the theory that it was one or more asteroid impacts
that killed off these famous creatures and many other organisms.
The first known major mass extinction, the Ordovician-Silurian event, happened about 450-440 million
years ago.
Pangaea begins to break-up – 200 Million of years ago
Pangaea (sometimes spelled Pangea), the most recent of a series of supercontinents on Earth, formed
about 270 million years ago and broke apart about 200 million years ago. At this time most of the dry
land on Earth was joined into one huge landmass that covered nearly a third of the planet's surface.
The giant ocean that surrounded the continent is known as Panthalassa.
The movement of Earth's tectonic plates formed Pangaea and ultimately broke it apart.
Pangaea existed during the Permian and Triassic geological time periods, which were times of great
change. The Permian mass extinction, which wiped out an estimated 96% species about 248 million
years ago, was a major event during this time.
Glaciers advance and retreat - 2.58 Million of years ago
About 2.6 million years ago at the start of Pleistocene epoch, large ice sheets up to several kilometres
thick began to appear in the northern hemisphere. These ice sheets would advance during cooler
glacial periods and retreat during warmer interglacials.
We are living during an interglacial period called the Holocene that started about 11,500 years ago.
Future Earth – Billions of years from present time
For the Earth, however, the biggest changes generally happen over hundreds of millions or billions of
years. Supercontinents come and go, mass extinctions wipe out almost all life, and changes in the
surrounding Solar System have an impact.
It is ultimately the Sun that will decide Earth's fate. Billions of years from now, as our aging star begins
to runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will change into a red giant and expand out into the inner Solar System
as far out as the Earth's orbit.
• Technology – product of science Notes:
• Society – composed of people interacting together
Branches of Science
Branches of Science:
• Formal Science – analysis of numerical data and reasoning
• Natural Science – study of nature and universe
a. Physical Science – physical entities/non-living things
b. Biological Science – study of living tings
• Social Science – concerned with society and human interactions
Scientific Method – a systematic approach to solve a problem
1. Making OBSERVATIONS
Observations are data gathered through the use of senses and some tools.
Inference is getting an idea from an observation.
2. Identifying the PROBLEM
3. RESEARCHING
4. Formulating a HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis is an educated guess.
5. EXPERIMENTING
• Independent variable – the factor that is manipulated
• Dependent variable – the factor that is affected by the independent variable
• Fair testing is when you change only one variable in an experiment that is an
independent variable.
6. ANALYZING the result
7. Making CONCLUSION
Theory – hypothesis that has been tested and consistently supported by data.
Law – summary of all experimental results.
Scientific Attitudes
Curiosity or Inquisitiveness Humility
the desire to learn free of arrogance
Logical Perseverance
Systematic determined
Objectivity Skepticism
being free from personal biases ability to validate
Open-mindedness Ability to accept failure
being adaptable and flexible finding new ways to resolve a
problem
, Earth’s Timeline
Earth Forms – 4.6 Billion of years ago
The Earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions in the giant disc-
shaped cloud of material that also formed the Sun. Gravity slowly gathered this gas and dust together
into clumps that became asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals. These objects collided
repeatedly and gradually got bigger, building up the planets in the Solar System, including the Earth.
Moon Forms – 4.5 Billion of years ago
At this time, an object about the size of Mars struck the Earth. This early planet, which has been named
Theia, was partially absorbed into the Earth, but a large amount of debris was also sprayed out into
space. Gravity pulled the debris into orbit around our planet and, as the numerous fragments collided,
they began to clump
Earth’s Bombardment – 3.8 Billion of years ago
About 4 to 3.8 billion years ago a period of intense comet and asteroid bombardment is thought to have
peppered all the planets including the Earth. Many of the numerous craters found on the Moon and
other bodies in the Solar System record this event.
One theory holds that a gravitational surge caused by the orbital interaction of Jupiter and Saturn sent
Neptune careening into the ring of comets in the outer Solar System. The disrupted comets were sent in
all directions and collided with the planets. These water-rich objects may have provided much of the
water in the Earth's oceans.
Early Life: Oxygen enters the atmosphere – 2.4 Billion of years ago
Early bacterial life introduced oxygen to the atmosphere. As the first free oxygen was released through
photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, it was initially soaked up by iron dissolved in the oceans and formed
red coloured iron oxide, which settled to the ocean floor. Over time, distinctive sedimentary rocks
called banded iron formations were created by these iron oxide deposits. Once the iron in the oceans
was used up, the iron oxide stopped being deposited and oxygen was able to start building
Snowball Earth – 650 Million of years ago
Snowball Earth describes a theory that for millions of years the Earth was almost entirely or wholly
covered in ice, stretching from the poles to the tropics.
This freezing happened over 650 million years ago in the Pre-Cambrian, though it's now thought that
there may have been more than one of these global glaciations. They varied in duration and extent but
during a full-on snowball event, life could only cling on in ice-free refuges, or where sunlight managed
to penetrate through the ice to allow photosynthesis.
, Life explodes – 545 Million of years ago
Life became more diverse and abundant in the seas during the Cambrian time period, which started
about 545 million years ago. Fossils in Pre-Cambrian rocks are of simple life forms such as bacteria,
with more complex soft-bodied creatures appearing towards the beginning of the Cambrian. Cambrian
rocks show large numbers of many different types animals, many with hard shells.
Major mass extinctions - 450-440 Million of years ago
Following the "explosion" of life during the Cambrian geological time period, the fossil record suggests
that life has become increasingly diverse through time. However, this general trend is punctuated by
periods of time when large numbers of organisms became extinct. The largest five of these events are
called major mass extinctions. Climate change, volcanoes and asteroid impacts have all been
suggested as causes of these events. The event that wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million years
ago is one of the "big five" and experts now favour the theory that it was one or more asteroid impacts
that killed off these famous creatures and many other organisms.
The first known major mass extinction, the Ordovician-Silurian event, happened about 450-440 million
years ago.
Pangaea begins to break-up – 200 Million of years ago
Pangaea (sometimes spelled Pangea), the most recent of a series of supercontinents on Earth, formed
about 270 million years ago and broke apart about 200 million years ago. At this time most of the dry
land on Earth was joined into one huge landmass that covered nearly a third of the planet's surface.
The giant ocean that surrounded the continent is known as Panthalassa.
The movement of Earth's tectonic plates formed Pangaea and ultimately broke it apart.
Pangaea existed during the Permian and Triassic geological time periods, which were times of great
change. The Permian mass extinction, which wiped out an estimated 96% species about 248 million
years ago, was a major event during this time.
Glaciers advance and retreat - 2.58 Million of years ago
About 2.6 million years ago at the start of Pleistocene epoch, large ice sheets up to several kilometres
thick began to appear in the northern hemisphere. These ice sheets would advance during cooler
glacial periods and retreat during warmer interglacials.
We are living during an interglacial period called the Holocene that started about 11,500 years ago.
Future Earth – Billions of years from present time
For the Earth, however, the biggest changes generally happen over hundreds of millions or billions of
years. Supercontinents come and go, mass extinctions wipe out almost all life, and changes in the
surrounding Solar System have an impact.
It is ultimately the Sun that will decide Earth's fate. Billions of years from now, as our aging star begins
to runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will change into a red giant and expand out into the inner Solar System
as far out as the Earth's orbit.
