Saturday, May 4, 2013
Research Proposal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY…………………………………… 1
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Background of the problem……………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.3 General objectives…………………………………………………………….................... 4
1.4 Specific objectives……………………………………………………………................... 5
1.5 Research questions………………………………………………………………………... 5
1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.7 Scope of the study…...………………………………………………………..................... 5
1.8 Limitation of the study…………………………………………………………................. 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………… 6
2.0 Literature review………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Overview of solid waste
was Disposal………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 Solid Waste Disposal Methods…………………………………………………………... 6
2.2.1 Open Burning…………………………………………………………………………... 6
2.2.2 Incineration….………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.3 Recycling……………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.4 Deep well Disposal…………………………………………………………................... 7
2.2.5 Source Reduction ……………………………………………………………………… 7
,2.2.6 Sanitary Landfill ………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.2.7 Composting …………………………………………………………………………….
10
2.2.8 Collection …………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.2.9 Transfer and Transport ……………………………………………………………………. 11
2.2.10 Processing and Recovery …………………………………………………………… 11
2.3 The ways Human affected River Streams……………………………………................. 11
2.3.1 Damming………………………………………………………………………………. 12
2.3.2 Dumping……………………………………………………………………................. 12
2.3.3 Recreation……………………………………………………………………………... 12
2.4 Types of Pollutant……………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.4.1 Physical Pollutants………………………………………………………….................. 13
2.4.2 Agriculture………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.3 Airborne…………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.4 Urban…………………………………………………………………………………... 15
2.5 The way Pollution River Stream Affected the Surrounding Community……………….. 15
2.5.1 Problems that Associated with the Polluted River Streams in the Surrounding
Community…………………………………………………………………………… 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………… 17
3.0 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………. 17
3.1 Selection of the study area ……………………………………………………..……… 17
3.1.1 Location of the Study Area …………………………………………………………… 17
3.1.2 Economic Activities in the Study area ……………………………………………….. 17
,3.1.3 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.1.4 Population ……………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.2 Research Design ...………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.3 Research Techniques…………………………………………………………………… 18
3.3.1 Qualitative Techniques……………………………………………………................. 18
3.3.2 Quantitative Techniques………………………………………………………………. 19
3.4 Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.4.1 Methods of Sampling Techniques…………………………………………………….. 19
3.4.2 Purposive of Sampling Techniques……………………………………….................... 19
3.4.3 Systematic Sampling …………………………………………………………………. 19
3.5 Types of Data……………………………………………………………………………. 20
3.5.1 Primary Data………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.5.2 Secondary Data……………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6 Methods of Data Collection…………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6.1Interview…………………………………………………………………..................... 20
3.6.2 Questionnaire……………………………………………………………..................... 21
3.6.3 Observation……………………………………………………………….................... 21
3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation…………………………………………...……………. 21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. Introduction.
, This is an introduction part of chapter one which consist of background of the problem,
statement of the problem, research objectives, significance of the study, scope of the study and
limitation of the study.
1.1. Background of the Problem.
The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impact can take diverse forms.
The growth of urban megalopolises, increased industrial activity and dependence of the
agricultural sector on chemicals and fertilizers has led to the over changing of the carrying
capacity of our water bodies to assimilate and decompose waste. Deterioration in water quality
and contamination of lakes, rivers, and ground water aquifer has therefore resulted (Jica and Pak-
EPA, 2000 and 2003).
Our water is being contaminated from many sources. Bacteria and viruses get into the water
because some cities illegally dump raw sewage directly into the water. (Dinah et al, 2002). There
are many types and sources of water pollution. Pollution which enters the water from a specific,
easy to identify site is called Point Source Pollution. Factory and sewage discharge pipes are
examples of point source pollution. Pollution that does not come from a specific site; but instead
come from several different and diffuse sources, is called Nonpoint Source Pollution. Runoff
from urban lawns and farmlands are examples of nonpoint source pollution (Monty, 2005).
Misuse of water became a problem during the Industrial Revolution when populated cities
developed. Wastes from the homes and factories were discharged directly into rivers and streams
near cities. Contaminated rivers became a major threat to public health because they transmitted
disease. For example, 50,000 people died from cholera-in London in 1831. Dysentery and
typhoid fever rampaged urban areas late in the 19th century (Monty 2005).
Research Proposal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY…………………………………… 1
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Background of the problem……………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.3 General objectives…………………………………………………………….................... 4
1.4 Specific objectives……………………………………………………………................... 5
1.5 Research questions………………………………………………………………………... 5
1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.7 Scope of the study…...………………………………………………………..................... 5
1.8 Limitation of the study…………………………………………………………................. 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………… 6
2.0 Literature review………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Overview of solid waste
was Disposal………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 Solid Waste Disposal Methods…………………………………………………………... 6
2.2.1 Open Burning…………………………………………………………………………... 6
2.2.2 Incineration….………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.3 Recycling……………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.4 Deep well Disposal…………………………………………………………................... 7
2.2.5 Source Reduction ……………………………………………………………………… 7
,2.2.6 Sanitary Landfill ………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.2.7 Composting …………………………………………………………………………….
10
2.2.8 Collection …………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.2.9 Transfer and Transport ……………………………………………………………………. 11
2.2.10 Processing and Recovery …………………………………………………………… 11
2.3 The ways Human affected River Streams……………………………………................. 11
2.3.1 Damming………………………………………………………………………………. 12
2.3.2 Dumping……………………………………………………………………................. 12
2.3.3 Recreation……………………………………………………………………………... 12
2.4 Types of Pollutant……………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.4.1 Physical Pollutants………………………………………………………….................. 13
2.4.2 Agriculture………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.3 Airborne…………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.4 Urban…………………………………………………………………………………... 15
2.5 The way Pollution River Stream Affected the Surrounding Community……………….. 15
2.5.1 Problems that Associated with the Polluted River Streams in the Surrounding
Community…………………………………………………………………………… 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………… 17
3.0 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………. 17
3.1 Selection of the study area ……………………………………………………..……… 17
3.1.1 Location of the Study Area …………………………………………………………… 17
3.1.2 Economic Activities in the Study area ……………………………………………….. 17
,3.1.3 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.1.4 Population ……………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.2 Research Design ...………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.3 Research Techniques…………………………………………………………………… 18
3.3.1 Qualitative Techniques……………………………………………………................. 18
3.3.2 Quantitative Techniques………………………………………………………………. 19
3.4 Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.4.1 Methods of Sampling Techniques…………………………………………………….. 19
3.4.2 Purposive of Sampling Techniques……………………………………….................... 19
3.4.3 Systematic Sampling …………………………………………………………………. 19
3.5 Types of Data……………………………………………………………………………. 20
3.5.1 Primary Data………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.5.2 Secondary Data……………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6 Methods of Data Collection…………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6.1Interview…………………………………………………………………..................... 20
3.6.2 Questionnaire……………………………………………………………..................... 21
3.6.3 Observation……………………………………………………………….................... 21
3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation…………………………………………...……………. 21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. Introduction.
, This is an introduction part of chapter one which consist of background of the problem,
statement of the problem, research objectives, significance of the study, scope of the study and
limitation of the study.
1.1. Background of the Problem.
The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impact can take diverse forms.
The growth of urban megalopolises, increased industrial activity and dependence of the
agricultural sector on chemicals and fertilizers has led to the over changing of the carrying
capacity of our water bodies to assimilate and decompose waste. Deterioration in water quality
and contamination of lakes, rivers, and ground water aquifer has therefore resulted (Jica and Pak-
EPA, 2000 and 2003).
Our water is being contaminated from many sources. Bacteria and viruses get into the water
because some cities illegally dump raw sewage directly into the water. (Dinah et al, 2002). There
are many types and sources of water pollution. Pollution which enters the water from a specific,
easy to identify site is called Point Source Pollution. Factory and sewage discharge pipes are
examples of point source pollution. Pollution that does not come from a specific site; but instead
come from several different and diffuse sources, is called Nonpoint Source Pollution. Runoff
from urban lawns and farmlands are examples of nonpoint source pollution (Monty, 2005).
Misuse of water became a problem during the Industrial Revolution when populated cities
developed. Wastes from the homes and factories were discharged directly into rivers and streams
near cities. Contaminated rivers became a major threat to public health because they transmitted
disease. For example, 50,000 people died from cholera-in London in 1831. Dysentery and
typhoid fever rampaged urban areas late in the 19th century (Monty 2005).
