ENGR 202 FINAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
CAA - ANSWER Clean Air Act
TDS - ANSWER Total Dissolved Solid
NOAEL - ANSWER No Observable Adverse Effects Level
IPCC - ANSWER Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
USDOE - ANSWER United State Department of Energy
MCL - ANSWER Maximum Contaminant Level
Name two major contaminants for ground water and their source. - ANSWER
1) Petroleum compounds (organic chemicals) from leaking underground
storage tanks.
2) Nitrates from agricultural fertilizers.
Give two health benefits of designing a product to fit into a life cycle. -
ANSWER 1) It minimizes adverse impacts of wastes.
2) It reduces the use of natural resources to make new products.
What is a pathogen? - ANSWER Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such
as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms. These are microorganisms
are commonly found in the intestines of infected people or animals, and they
are excreted in the feces that enter sewer systems or fall into the ground.
They can cause human illnesses such as typhoid, diarrhea, gastrointestinal,
respiratory and skin diseases.
, Define MCL for drinking water. - ANSWER An MCL of 1 mg/L is equivalent to
one unit of contaminant per million units of water on mass basis or one part
per million by weight.
Among the many toxic metals the quantitative analysis on mercury is one of
the most widely studied. Give some reasons why mercury has received
attention to scientific studies. - ANSWER 1) Mercury can damage the central
nervous system and the brain as exposure to it can be fatal at sufficiently
high level.
2) Mercury bioaccumulates in the blood.
3) Mercury tends to bioaccumulates in tissues of fish and other organisms,
and thus, affect humans through the food chain.
What is the difference between Potency Factor and Chronic Daily Intake for a
carcinogenic chemical? - ANSWER The Potency Factor (PF) represents the
incremental lifetime cancer risk corresponding to a chronic daily intake of 1
mg/kg-da of a particular chemical.
Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) is the average daily dose of a chemical over the
lifetime of an individual.
Explain some of the uncertainties in assessing for non-carcinogens. -
ANSWER The Reference Dose is a key parameter used in risk assessments to
characterize the safe dose of a non-carcinogenic chemical.
Hazard Quotient (HQ) is the metric used in risk assessments to compare an
actual dose of chemical to the reference dose. It is defined as the ratio of the
average daily dose (ADD) of a chemical divided by the reference dose.
What are the 3 major factors affecting increase in CO2 emissions? - ANSWER
COMPLETE SOLUTION
CAA - ANSWER Clean Air Act
TDS - ANSWER Total Dissolved Solid
NOAEL - ANSWER No Observable Adverse Effects Level
IPCC - ANSWER Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
USDOE - ANSWER United State Department of Energy
MCL - ANSWER Maximum Contaminant Level
Name two major contaminants for ground water and their source. - ANSWER
1) Petroleum compounds (organic chemicals) from leaking underground
storage tanks.
2) Nitrates from agricultural fertilizers.
Give two health benefits of designing a product to fit into a life cycle. -
ANSWER 1) It minimizes adverse impacts of wastes.
2) It reduces the use of natural resources to make new products.
What is a pathogen? - ANSWER Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such
as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms. These are microorganisms
are commonly found in the intestines of infected people or animals, and they
are excreted in the feces that enter sewer systems or fall into the ground.
They can cause human illnesses such as typhoid, diarrhea, gastrointestinal,
respiratory and skin diseases.
, Define MCL for drinking water. - ANSWER An MCL of 1 mg/L is equivalent to
one unit of contaminant per million units of water on mass basis or one part
per million by weight.
Among the many toxic metals the quantitative analysis on mercury is one of
the most widely studied. Give some reasons why mercury has received
attention to scientific studies. - ANSWER 1) Mercury can damage the central
nervous system and the brain as exposure to it can be fatal at sufficiently
high level.
2) Mercury bioaccumulates in the blood.
3) Mercury tends to bioaccumulates in tissues of fish and other organisms,
and thus, affect humans through the food chain.
What is the difference between Potency Factor and Chronic Daily Intake for a
carcinogenic chemical? - ANSWER The Potency Factor (PF) represents the
incremental lifetime cancer risk corresponding to a chronic daily intake of 1
mg/kg-da of a particular chemical.
Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) is the average daily dose of a chemical over the
lifetime of an individual.
Explain some of the uncertainties in assessing for non-carcinogens. -
ANSWER The Reference Dose is a key parameter used in risk assessments to
characterize the safe dose of a non-carcinogenic chemical.
Hazard Quotient (HQ) is the metric used in risk assessments to compare an
actual dose of chemical to the reference dose. It is defined as the ratio of the
average daily dose (ADD) of a chemical divided by the reference dose.
What are the 3 major factors affecting increase in CO2 emissions? - ANSWER
