2024/2025 Theories in Lifespan Development Exam | Questions and Answers

2024/2025 Theories in Lifespan Development Exam | Questions and Answers Many popular quotes by famous people reference a "blank slate" as a platform and springboard for creativity. We may credit the popularity of this phrase to ________, an early scholar of human development. John Locke McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism, ________. reaction formation A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My child feels like he does not measure up to peers." According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the industry versus inferiority stage of development, which is ________. Competence Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. formal operational A therapist advises a client who is struggling to feel motivated to complete schoolwork to watch a favorite TV show after finishing an assignment. This therapist is recommending that the client use ________. Reinforcer A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________. conditioned response You walk into a new cafe with an unusual layout. You stand back and observe how customers order and pay at one station, then pick up their food at another station. Now you have learned how to get food in this restaurant. Which behavioral approach to learning does this describe? social cognitive theory Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian theorists who consider how ________. experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________. object permanence You hear an annoying beeping sound if you try to exit your car with the keys still in the ignition. The next time you park your car, you are more likely to take your keys out of the ignition before exiting. What principle of operant conditioning does this reflect? the law of effect A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate? reciprocal determinism Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? classical conditioning and operant conditioning School administrators and teachers meet yearly to review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment methods, and other elements of the school system because they know these factors can affect a child's self-image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These educators and their concerns represent which element of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model? mesosystem A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? self actualization In describing his approach to psychotherapy, a therapist whose approach is informed by Carl Rogers' work, tells new clients, "I help clients achieve ________. I help clients to become more open to life experiences, to live each moment fully, and to be more creative in dealing with life's challenges." the good life A research team is interested in studying the genetic contributions to addictive behavior, such as Internet gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to compare the health and behavior outcomes of individuals who share the same environment or hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is this team conducting? behavioral genetics A student is close to mastering a new language skill, but the student needs more practice and assistance before performing the skill independently. According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as ________. the zone of proximal development Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that ________, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________. learning is unique to each person, there are distinct stages of development Two young adult friends are talking about their dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to the movies by myself. I believe you have to know yourself and be good company for yourself before you can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson would agree that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. This statement describes the key developmental task in which stage of psychosocial development? Integrity versus Despair Generativity versus Stagnation Intimacy versus Isolation Identity versus Role Confusion A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on ________. unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties observational learning without consequences a classically conditioned response being stuck in the developmental task of trust vs. mistrust "If parents use an authoritative parenting style, then their children will be more well-adjusted psychologically than children of parents who use permissive or authoritarian parenting styles." This statement is an example of a ________. hypothesis theory observation research study Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by ________. John B. Watson James Mark Baldwin G. Stanley Hall Arnold Gesell An infant smiles when something feels good and cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of Freud's principles is this parent referring to? The reality principle The neurosis principle The pleasure principle The oral principle A research team is interested in studying the genetic contributions to addictive behavior, such as Internet gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to compare the health and behavior outcomes of individuals who share the same environment or hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is this team conducting? Cognitive neuroscience Behavioral genetics Sociocultural Microsystems A therapist advises a client who is struggling to feel motivated to complete schoolwork to watch a favorite TV show after finishing an assignment. This therapist is recommending that the client use ________. a reinforcer initiation an unconditioned stimulus reciprocal determinism A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place. information processing Piagetian social cognitive theory theory-of-mind A researcher whose study of higher-order thinking skills in children is influenced by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory would be likely to investigate ________. the role of social interaction and culture on language and learning processes the role of biology and neural connections on language and learning processes the role of congruence and incongruence on language and learning processes the role of positive and negative reinforcement on language and learning processes Students in an acting class watch instructors demonstrate stage combat techniques. These students must be able to execute the behavior (i.e., the stage combat techniques) they are trying to learn. Which part of Bandura's observational learning process does this represent? Attention Motivation Initiation Retention A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My child feels like he does not measure up to peers." According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the industry versus inferiority stage of development, which is ________. competence purpose care will When deciding on a restaurant, a friend explains, "I used to enjoy shrimp. Then one day, I ate shrimp, and the next day, I got really sick, like I had the stomach flu. Since then, just the sight of shrimp makes me nauseous." According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the shrimp is a(n) ________. conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response "If parents use an authoritative parenting style, then their children will be more well-adjusted psychologically than children of parents who use permissive or authoritarian parenting styles." This statement is an example of a ________. hypothesis theory research study observation McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism, ________.