Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
BGEN 3022 Midterm Questions and Correct
Answers | Latest Update
genome
complete DNA sequence of a cell or organism
- 2 in humans: nuclear, mitochondrial
mitochondrial genome
- Very small (16.6kb long)
- No histones
- Highly redundant
- Compact (no 'extra' DNA)
- DS ring
- Each mito has multiple copies of the mtDNA genome
- 2 rRNA, 22tRNA, 13 oxidative phosphorylation proteins
- High mutation rate (10x nuclear)
- inherited from mother
major difference between nuclear and mitochondrial genome content
nuclear genome has much more extra space (non -protein coding
sequences)
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, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
human nuclear genome content
1% of DNA encodes proteins
4% DNA encodes "non-coding" RNAs
95% transposable element repeats, heterochromatin, "other" sequences
2 types of RNA
- classical (- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)
- non-coding (- lncRNAs, mRNAS, snoRNA, scaRNAs, snRNAs, piRNAs, exRNAs, siRNAs)
lncRNA
long non-coding RNA
- can adopt complex secondary and tertiary folding structures
- i.e., XIST
miRNAs
micro RNAS
- important regulators of gene expression
o negative regulators via translational repression or mRNA degradation
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, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
o Bind complementary 3'UTRs of target mRNAs
- >1000 in human genome
- Small genes (22nt long)
- Infrequently mutated
- Revealed through C. elegans mutations (lin-4, let-7)
o Identified only in large scale screens via phenotypes
- Mutations Linked to certain human disease
o Hearing loss, keratoconus, cancer, obesity
§ Same inheritance patterns as mutations in protein-encoding genes
snRNA
small nuclear RNA
- Diverse family involved in splicing events
snoRNAs
small nucleolar RNA
- Guide processing of mainly rRNAs (>400)
gene families
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, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
multiple copies of closely related genes that arose from a single ancestral
gene
- Members = paralogues
- Often found in clusters on Xm
- Arise through duplication events
5 mechanism of duplication
- unequal recombination
- chromosomal translocation
- DNA polymerase slippage
- transposable elements
- whole genome duplication
unequal recombination
repetitive sequences/confusion during recombination leads to unequal
crossing over
- primary mechanism of duplication
- net gain AND loss of DNA
- involves small OR large regions
- helps explains clusters at same chromosomal location
~ 1 ~ for inquiry mail me @
BGEN 3022 Midterm Questions and Correct
Answers | Latest Update
genome
complete DNA sequence of a cell or organism
- 2 in humans: nuclear, mitochondrial
mitochondrial genome
- Very small (16.6kb long)
- No histones
- Highly redundant
- Compact (no 'extra' DNA)
- DS ring
- Each mito has multiple copies of the mtDNA genome
- 2 rRNA, 22tRNA, 13 oxidative phosphorylation proteins
- High mutation rate (10x nuclear)
- inherited from mother
major difference between nuclear and mitochondrial genome content
nuclear genome has much more extra space (non -protein coding
sequences)
~ 1 ~ for inquiry mail me @
, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
human nuclear genome content
1% of DNA encodes proteins
4% DNA encodes "non-coding" RNAs
95% transposable element repeats, heterochromatin, "other" sequences
2 types of RNA
- classical (- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)
- non-coding (- lncRNAs, mRNAS, snoRNA, scaRNAs, snRNAs, piRNAs, exRNAs, siRNAs)
lncRNA
long non-coding RNA
- can adopt complex secondary and tertiary folding structures
- i.e., XIST
miRNAs
micro RNAS
- important regulators of gene expression
o negative regulators via translational repression or mRNA degradation
~ 1 ~ for inquiry mail me @
, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
o Bind complementary 3'UTRs of target mRNAs
- >1000 in human genome
- Small genes (22nt long)
- Infrequently mutated
- Revealed through C. elegans mutations (lin-4, let-7)
o Identified only in large scale screens via phenotypes
- Mutations Linked to certain human disease
o Hearing loss, keratoconus, cancer, obesity
§ Same inheritance patterns as mutations in protein-encoding genes
snRNA
small nuclear RNA
- Diverse family involved in splicing events
snoRNAs
small nucleolar RNA
- Guide processing of mainly rRNAs (>400)
gene families
~ 1 ~ for inquiry mail me @
, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
multiple copies of closely related genes that arose from a single ancestral
gene
- Members = paralogues
- Often found in clusters on Xm
- Arise through duplication events
5 mechanism of duplication
- unequal recombination
- chromosomal translocation
- DNA polymerase slippage
- transposable elements
- whole genome duplication
unequal recombination
repetitive sequences/confusion during recombination leads to unequal
crossing over
- primary mechanism of duplication
- net gain AND loss of DNA
- involves small OR large regions
- helps explains clusters at same chromosomal location
~ 1 ~ for inquiry mail me @
