CMMB 413 UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers
mtDNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- circular
- maternally inherited
- able to produce own proteins
nuclear DNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔DNA from both parents
genome - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔all genetic material within an organism
number of homologous chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔23 pairs
how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔from largest size to
smallest size (number of bps)
size and number of genes on mtDNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔16kb and encodes 37
genes
what component of genome supports the endosymbiotic theory - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔mtDNA because structure is similar to prokaryotic structure
What do evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial disorders for? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Track lineage as they're only inherited maternally
MIDD - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔maternally inherited diabetes and deafness includes 1%
of diabetic patients and most common in Japanese population
What mutations cause MIDD? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- MT-TL1, MT-TK or MT-TE
and reduces tRNA activities which reduces protein synthesis
- decrease in ATP production
,- in pancreatic β cells ATP is required to control secretion of insulin and therefore can result
in insulin deficiency
polymorphism - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔more than one allele occupies that gene locus in
a population, and each allele must occur in at least 1% of population
How many base pairs in humans? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔6 billion
What percent of genome encodes for protein? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔less than 1.5%
20000-25000 protein encoding genes
How much of genome is unique or single-copy DNA and how much is repetitive? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔~ 50% unique
~ 50% repetitive
What is classification of repetitive sequences based on? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔locations of the repeats with respect to single-copy sequences
2 major classes of repetitive DNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1) clustered tandem repeat
families (satellite DNAs)
2) dispersed repetitive DNA families
Clustered tandem repeat families - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- mini and micro satellites
consist of short repeats organized in a head-tail fashion (occur adjacent to each other, so in
tandem). They serve as molecular markers for clinical cytogenetic analysis as they vary in
length between individuals
Where are satellite DNAs found? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔telomeric and centromeric
regions
What percentage of genome do satellite DNAs constitute? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔10-
15%
, 3 dispersed repetitive DNA families and what are the differences based on? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔1) Alu family
2) LINE; Long Interspersed nUclear Element or L1 family
3) Segmental duplication family
- Differences based on length of repeats
What percent of the genome does the Alu family take, and what is the length of repeat? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔>10% of genome
~300 bp in length
What percent of the genome does the LINE family take, and what is the length of repeat? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Long Interspersed Nuclear Element
~20% of genome
as long as 6kb in length
What percent of the genome does the segmented duplication family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔>5% of genome
can span hundreds of kb
Why are there so many repetitive sequences? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Potentially, having
redundancy can help if a small portion is mutated, you still have a large portion to carry out
function
How much compaction is there when DNA is in chromosome form? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔500-1000x
Two processes in order to achieve cell replication? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1) Mitosis
which is nuclear division
2) Cytokinesis which is cytoplasmic division
What phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔interphase
and CORRECT Answers
mtDNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- circular
- maternally inherited
- able to produce own proteins
nuclear DNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔DNA from both parents
genome - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔all genetic material within an organism
number of homologous chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔23 pairs
how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔from largest size to
smallest size (number of bps)
size and number of genes on mtDNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔16kb and encodes 37
genes
what component of genome supports the endosymbiotic theory - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔mtDNA because structure is similar to prokaryotic structure
What do evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial disorders for? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Track lineage as they're only inherited maternally
MIDD - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔maternally inherited diabetes and deafness includes 1%
of diabetic patients and most common in Japanese population
What mutations cause MIDD? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- MT-TL1, MT-TK or MT-TE
and reduces tRNA activities which reduces protein synthesis
- decrease in ATP production
,- in pancreatic β cells ATP is required to control secretion of insulin and therefore can result
in insulin deficiency
polymorphism - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔more than one allele occupies that gene locus in
a population, and each allele must occur in at least 1% of population
How many base pairs in humans? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔6 billion
What percent of genome encodes for protein? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔less than 1.5%
20000-25000 protein encoding genes
How much of genome is unique or single-copy DNA and how much is repetitive? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔~ 50% unique
~ 50% repetitive
What is classification of repetitive sequences based on? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔locations of the repeats with respect to single-copy sequences
2 major classes of repetitive DNA - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1) clustered tandem repeat
families (satellite DNAs)
2) dispersed repetitive DNA families
Clustered tandem repeat families - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- mini and micro satellites
consist of short repeats organized in a head-tail fashion (occur adjacent to each other, so in
tandem). They serve as molecular markers for clinical cytogenetic analysis as they vary in
length between individuals
Where are satellite DNAs found? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔telomeric and centromeric
regions
What percentage of genome do satellite DNAs constitute? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔10-
15%
, 3 dispersed repetitive DNA families and what are the differences based on? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔1) Alu family
2) LINE; Long Interspersed nUclear Element or L1 family
3) Segmental duplication family
- Differences based on length of repeats
What percent of the genome does the Alu family take, and what is the length of repeat? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔>10% of genome
~300 bp in length
What percent of the genome does the LINE family take, and what is the length of repeat? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Long Interspersed Nuclear Element
~20% of genome
as long as 6kb in length
What percent of the genome does the segmented duplication family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔>5% of genome
can span hundreds of kb
Why are there so many repetitive sequences? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Potentially, having
redundancy can help if a small portion is mutated, you still have a large portion to carry out
function
How much compaction is there when DNA is in chromosome form? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔500-1000x
Two processes in order to achieve cell replication? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1) Mitosis
which is nuclear division
2) Cytokinesis which is cytoplasmic division
What phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔interphase
