S T U DY N O T E S
SURGERY
B A S E D O N VA R I O U S S O U R
TRANSL ATED AND C OMPILED BY
J. BOGDANOVIĆ
,Asepsis and Antisepsis ............................................................................................................................
Sterilization of Materials ........................................................................................................................................................
Heat Sterilization ...................................................................................................................................................................
Cold Sterilization...................................................................................................................................................................
Antisepsis ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Disinfectants and Antiseptic Agents .........................................................................................................................................
HAnd Washing - Surgeon .......................................................................................................................................................
Preparing the Surgical Field ...................................................................................................................................................
Surgical Infections ..................................................................................................................................
Aerobic Infections..................................................................................................................................................................
Clostridium and Anaerobic Infections .....................................................................................................
Tetanus .................................................................................................................................................................................
Anaerobic Infections in Surgery..............................................................................................................................................
Gas Gangrene and Gas Phlegmona .......................................................................................................................................
Antibiotics in Surgery .............................................................................................................................
Prophylactic Antibiotic Use .....................................................................................................................................................
Antibiotic Use in Treatment .....................................................................................................................................................
Key considerations when choosing antibiotics ..........................................................................................................................
Complications ........................................................................................................................................................................
Last REsort Antibiotics .............................................................................................................................................................
Types of Antibiotics ................................................................................................................................................................
Sepsis in Surgery ....................................................................................................................................
Sepsis unfolds in three stages ..................................................................................................................................................
Treatment ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Injuries: Intro...........................................................................................................................................
Closed Injuries .......................................................................................................................................................................
Open Wounds/Injuries ............................................................................................................................
Morphological Division...........................................................................................................................................................
By cold weapons ....................................................................................................................................................................
By rearms............................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Healing ......................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Treatment....................................................................................................................................
Primary Wound Care .............................................................................................................................................................
Managing a Primary Wound ..................................................................................................................................................
Primary suturing of a wound ...................................................................................................................................................
Delayed Primary Suture ..........................................................................................................................................................
Secondary Closure .................................................................................................................................................................
Combustion Burns ...................................................................................................................................
Depth of the Burn ...................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Care ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Dressing Composition (Five-Layer Dressing) ..............................................................................................................................
Burn Disease ...........................................................................................................................................
, Etiology .................................................................................................................................................................................
Types of Hemorrhage .............................................................................................................................................................
Examples of speci c bleedings ................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Picture .......................................................................................................................................................................
Temporary and De nitive Hemostasis ....................................................................................................
Post-Op Complications.............................................................................................................................
Surgical Complications ...........................................................................................................................................................
Complications of the Surgical Wound ......................................................................................................................................
Anesthesiological Complications..............................................................................................................................................
GIT Complications ..................................................................................................................................................................
Laparoscopy Complications ....................................................................................................................................................
CVS Complications .................................................................................................................................................................
Post-op Deep Vein Thrombosis .................................................................................................................................................
Endocrine Complications ........................................................................................................................................................
CNS Complications ................................................................................................................................................................
Urogenital Complications ........................................................................................................................................................
Renal Complications ...............................................................................................................................................................
Surgery Classi cations ............................................................................................................................................................
General Anesthesia, Intraoperative Monitoring, Surgical Prep...............................................................
ASA ......................................................................................................................................................................................
Premedication ........................................................................................................................................................................
General Inhalation Anesthesia, Agents, and Technique ..........................................................................
Stages of general anesthesia ..................................................................................................................................................
Inhalation Anesthesia .............................................................................................................................................................
Inhalation anesthetics .............................................................................................................................................................
IV Anesthesia, Agents, and Technique ....................................................................................................
IV anesthetics .........................................................................................................................................................................
Muscle Relaxants ...................................................................................................................................................................
Monitoring Vital Functions ......................................................................................................................................................
Local and Regional Anesthesia...............................................................................................................
types of regional anesthesia....................................................................................................................................................
Peripheral nerve blocks ..........................................................................................................................................................
CPR: Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrest ...........................................................................
Standards for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) ................................................................................................................
A (Airway) - Establishment and Maintenance of Airway Patency ...............................................................................................
B (Breathing) - Arti cial Respiration .........................................................................................................................................
C (Circulation) - Establishing Arti cial Blood Flow .....................................................................................................................
Blood Transfusion....................................................................................................................................
Blood Testing .........................................................................................................................................................................
Blood Transfusion Considerations ............................................................................................................................................
Blood Components .................................................................................................................................................................
Blood Components' Effects ......................................................................................................................................................
Blood Derivatives ...................................................................................................................................................................
, Bladder Injuries.......................................................................................................................................
Mechanism of Bladder Injuries ................................................................................................................................................
Pathophysiology.....................................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Features .....................................................................................................................................................................
Cystitis, Urethritis, and More...................................................................................................................
Cystitis ...................................................................................................................................................................................
Urethritis ................................................................................................................................................................................
Pyelonephritis ........................................................................................................................................................................
Chronic Pyelonephritis ............................................................................................................................................................
Abscess of the Kidney ............................................................................................................................................................
Perinephric Abscess ................................................................................................................................................................
Urosepsis ...............................................................................................................................................................................
The Prostate ...........................................................................................................................................
Prostatitis - In ammation of the Prostate ..................................................................................................................................
Acute Prostatitis .....................................................................................................................................................................
Prostate Abscess ....................................................................................................................................................................
Chronic Prostatitis ...................................................................................................................................................................
Prostatodynia .........................................................................................................................................................................
Epididymitis, Orchitis, and More .............................................................................................................
Orchitis/Acute Scrotum ..........................................................................................................................................................
Testicular Torsion ....................................................................................................................................................................
Varicocele, Hydrocele, Hematocele .........................................................................................................
Varicocele .............................................................................................................................................................................
Hydrocele..............................................................................................................................................................................
Hematocele ...........................................................................................................................................................................
Spermatocele .........................................................................................................................................................................
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) ........................................................................................................
Prostate Cancer ......................................................................................................................................
Male Genital Organ Disorders ...............................................................................................................
Phimosis ................................................................................................................................................................................
Treatment ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Paraphimosis .........................................................................................................................................................................
Anomalies of the Urinary Bladder and Uretrha .....................................................................................
Extrophy of the Bladder .........................................................................................................................................................
Epispadias ............................................................................................................................................................................
Hypospadias .........................................................................................................................................................................
Injuries of the Urethra and Penis ...........................................................................................................
Injuries of the Urethra ............................................................................................................................................................
Injuries of the Penis ................................................................................................................................................................
Fracture of the Penis/broken Penis ..........................................................................................................................................
Renal Parenchymal Tumours...................................................................................................................
Tumours of the Upper Urothelium ..........................................................................................................
SURGERY
B A S E D O N VA R I O U S S O U R
TRANSL ATED AND C OMPILED BY
J. BOGDANOVIĆ
,Asepsis and Antisepsis ............................................................................................................................
Sterilization of Materials ........................................................................................................................................................
Heat Sterilization ...................................................................................................................................................................
Cold Sterilization...................................................................................................................................................................
Antisepsis ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Disinfectants and Antiseptic Agents .........................................................................................................................................
HAnd Washing - Surgeon .......................................................................................................................................................
Preparing the Surgical Field ...................................................................................................................................................
Surgical Infections ..................................................................................................................................
Aerobic Infections..................................................................................................................................................................
Clostridium and Anaerobic Infections .....................................................................................................
Tetanus .................................................................................................................................................................................
Anaerobic Infections in Surgery..............................................................................................................................................
Gas Gangrene and Gas Phlegmona .......................................................................................................................................
Antibiotics in Surgery .............................................................................................................................
Prophylactic Antibiotic Use .....................................................................................................................................................
Antibiotic Use in Treatment .....................................................................................................................................................
Key considerations when choosing antibiotics ..........................................................................................................................
Complications ........................................................................................................................................................................
Last REsort Antibiotics .............................................................................................................................................................
Types of Antibiotics ................................................................................................................................................................
Sepsis in Surgery ....................................................................................................................................
Sepsis unfolds in three stages ..................................................................................................................................................
Treatment ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Injuries: Intro...........................................................................................................................................
Closed Injuries .......................................................................................................................................................................
Open Wounds/Injuries ............................................................................................................................
Morphological Division...........................................................................................................................................................
By cold weapons ....................................................................................................................................................................
By rearms............................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Healing ......................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Treatment....................................................................................................................................
Primary Wound Care .............................................................................................................................................................
Managing a Primary Wound ..................................................................................................................................................
Primary suturing of a wound ...................................................................................................................................................
Delayed Primary Suture ..........................................................................................................................................................
Secondary Closure .................................................................................................................................................................
Combustion Burns ...................................................................................................................................
Depth of the Burn ...................................................................................................................................................................
Wound Care ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Dressing Composition (Five-Layer Dressing) ..............................................................................................................................
Burn Disease ...........................................................................................................................................
, Etiology .................................................................................................................................................................................
Types of Hemorrhage .............................................................................................................................................................
Examples of speci c bleedings ................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Picture .......................................................................................................................................................................
Temporary and De nitive Hemostasis ....................................................................................................
Post-Op Complications.............................................................................................................................
Surgical Complications ...........................................................................................................................................................
Complications of the Surgical Wound ......................................................................................................................................
Anesthesiological Complications..............................................................................................................................................
GIT Complications ..................................................................................................................................................................
Laparoscopy Complications ....................................................................................................................................................
CVS Complications .................................................................................................................................................................
Post-op Deep Vein Thrombosis .................................................................................................................................................
Endocrine Complications ........................................................................................................................................................
CNS Complications ................................................................................................................................................................
Urogenital Complications ........................................................................................................................................................
Renal Complications ...............................................................................................................................................................
Surgery Classi cations ............................................................................................................................................................
General Anesthesia, Intraoperative Monitoring, Surgical Prep...............................................................
ASA ......................................................................................................................................................................................
Premedication ........................................................................................................................................................................
General Inhalation Anesthesia, Agents, and Technique ..........................................................................
Stages of general anesthesia ..................................................................................................................................................
Inhalation Anesthesia .............................................................................................................................................................
Inhalation anesthetics .............................................................................................................................................................
IV Anesthesia, Agents, and Technique ....................................................................................................
IV anesthetics .........................................................................................................................................................................
Muscle Relaxants ...................................................................................................................................................................
Monitoring Vital Functions ......................................................................................................................................................
Local and Regional Anesthesia...............................................................................................................
types of regional anesthesia....................................................................................................................................................
Peripheral nerve blocks ..........................................................................................................................................................
CPR: Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrest ...........................................................................
Standards for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) ................................................................................................................
A (Airway) - Establishment and Maintenance of Airway Patency ...............................................................................................
B (Breathing) - Arti cial Respiration .........................................................................................................................................
C (Circulation) - Establishing Arti cial Blood Flow .....................................................................................................................
Blood Transfusion....................................................................................................................................
Blood Testing .........................................................................................................................................................................
Blood Transfusion Considerations ............................................................................................................................................
Blood Components .................................................................................................................................................................
Blood Components' Effects ......................................................................................................................................................
Blood Derivatives ...................................................................................................................................................................
, Bladder Injuries.......................................................................................................................................
Mechanism of Bladder Injuries ................................................................................................................................................
Pathophysiology.....................................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Features .....................................................................................................................................................................
Cystitis, Urethritis, and More...................................................................................................................
Cystitis ...................................................................................................................................................................................
Urethritis ................................................................................................................................................................................
Pyelonephritis ........................................................................................................................................................................
Chronic Pyelonephritis ............................................................................................................................................................
Abscess of the Kidney ............................................................................................................................................................
Perinephric Abscess ................................................................................................................................................................
Urosepsis ...............................................................................................................................................................................
The Prostate ...........................................................................................................................................
Prostatitis - In ammation of the Prostate ..................................................................................................................................
Acute Prostatitis .....................................................................................................................................................................
Prostate Abscess ....................................................................................................................................................................
Chronic Prostatitis ...................................................................................................................................................................
Prostatodynia .........................................................................................................................................................................
Epididymitis, Orchitis, and More .............................................................................................................
Orchitis/Acute Scrotum ..........................................................................................................................................................
Testicular Torsion ....................................................................................................................................................................
Varicocele, Hydrocele, Hematocele .........................................................................................................
Varicocele .............................................................................................................................................................................
Hydrocele..............................................................................................................................................................................
Hematocele ...........................................................................................................................................................................
Spermatocele .........................................................................................................................................................................
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) ........................................................................................................
Prostate Cancer ......................................................................................................................................
Male Genital Organ Disorders ...............................................................................................................
Phimosis ................................................................................................................................................................................
Treatment ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Paraphimosis .........................................................................................................................................................................
Anomalies of the Urinary Bladder and Uretrha .....................................................................................
Extrophy of the Bladder .........................................................................................................................................................
Epispadias ............................................................................................................................................................................
Hypospadias .........................................................................................................................................................................
Injuries of the Urethra and Penis ...........................................................................................................
Injuries of the Urethra ............................................................................................................................................................
Injuries of the Penis ................................................................................................................................................................
Fracture of the Penis/broken Penis ..........................................................................................................................................
Renal Parenchymal Tumours...................................................................................................................
Tumours of the Upper Urothelium ..........................................................................................................
