S T U DY N O T E S
PAEDIATRICS
COMPILED AND TRANSL ATED
VA R I O U S S O U R C E S
,Neonatology ............................................................................................................................
Adaptation of the Newborn to Extra-uterine Life ...................................................................................................
ApGar Score ......................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Examination of the Newborn ...................................................................................................................
Neurological Examination of the Newborn ..........................................................................................................
Assessment of Gestational Maturity ......................................................................................................................
Maternal and Fetal Diseases ................................................................................................................................
Birth Injuries ........................................................................................................................................................
Perinatal Asphyxia ..................................................................................................................
Respiratory Disorders ..........................................................................................................................................
Neonatal Jaundice....................................................................................................................
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinema in Neonates ......................................................................................................
conjugated Hyperbilirubinema in Neonates ..........................................................................................................
Pathological Jaundice ..........................................................................................................................................
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn ..........................................................................................
Allo-immunization................................................................................................................................................
ABO Alloimmunization ........................................................................................................................................
Viral Infections in Neonates .....................................................................................................
Toxoplasmosis .....................................................................................................................................................
Rubella (German Measles) ..................................................................................................................................
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ......................................................................................................................................
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) ................................................................................................................................
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) .................................................................................................................................
Bacterial Infections ...................................................................................................................
Neonatal Meningitis ............................................................................................................................................
Neonatal Convulsions...............................................................................................................
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)...........................................................................
Characteristics of Prematurity ..................................................................................................
Clinical Genetics........................................................................................................................
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) ..............................................................................................................................
Turner Syndrome (45, x) .....................................................................................................................................
Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY) ............................................................................................................................
Prenatal Diagnostics .................................................................................................................
non-invasive Methods ..........................................................................................................................................
Invasive Methods ................................................................................................................................................
Biochemical Disorders ..............................................................................................................
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) .................................................................................................................................
, Edema (Differential Diagnosis) .............................................................................................................................
Ca2+,P, and Mg2+ De ciency ...................................................................................................
Calcium De ciency (Ca2+) ..................................................................................................................................
Magnesium De ciency (Mg2+) ............................................................................................................................
Phosphate De ciency ..........................................................................................................................................
Cardiology................................................................................................................................
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) ...........................................................................................................................
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) ...................................................................................................................................
Persistent Ductus Arteriosus ..................................................................................................................................
Cyanotic Heart Defects .............................................................................................................
Tetralogy of Fallot ...............................................................................................................................................
Transposition of Great Vessels ..............................................................................................................................
Cardiology: Infections ..............................................................................................................
Infective Endocarditis...........................................................................................................................................
Myocarditis ........................................................................................................................................................
Cardiac Insuf ciency .................................................................................................................
Clinical Classi cation of Cardiac Insuf ciency in Children.......................................................................................
Growth and Development ........................................................................................................
Normal Growth ..................................................................................................................................................
Measuring Growth ..............................................................................................................................................
Factors Affecting Growth .....................................................................................................................................
Main Characteristics of Prenatal and Postnatal Growth ..........................................................................................
Important Indicators of Growth ............................................................................................................................
Puberty.....................................................................................................................................
Pubertal Disorders....................................................................................................................
Precocious Puberty ..............................................................................................................................................
Partial Precocious Puberty ...................................................................................................................................
Delayed Puberty .................................................................................................................................................
Nutritional Needs of a Child .....................................................................................................
Basic Principles of (Infant) Feeding .......................................................................................................................
Natural Feeding ..................................................................................................................................................
BREAST MILK .....................................................................................................................................................
Lactogenesis .......................................................................................................................................................
Cow s Milk .........................................................................................................................................................
FORMULAS ........................................................................................................................................................
Solid Food Nutrition (non-Milk) ............................................................................................................................
Nutritional Disorders ................................................................................................................
Causes ...............................................................................................................................................................
, Pulmology ................................................................................................................................
Congenital Anomalies of the Respiratory Tract ........................................................................
Laryngomalacia ..................................................................................................................................................
Congenital Subglottic Tracheal Stenosis ................................................................................................................
Tracheomalacia ..................................................................................................................................................
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula ..................................................................................................................................
Epiglottitis (Emergency) ............................................................................................................
Clinical Features..................................................................................................................................................
Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis (Croup) ......................................................................................................................
Asthma .....................................................................................................................................
Early Transient Wheezing/Recurrent wheezing .....................................................................................................
Asthma with Early Onset and Allergy ...................................................................................................................
Asthma with late Onset and Allergy .....................................................................................................................
Acute Asthma Attack ...........................................................................................................................................
Tuberculosis (TB) .......................................................................................................................
Primary TB Infection ............................................................................................................................................
Tuberculin Tests ...................................................................................................................................................
Pneumonia, Mono, Bronchitis, etc. ...........................................................................................
Pneumonia .........................................................................................................................................................
Infectious Mononucleosis .....................................................................................................................................
Acute Viral Bronchitis ..........................................................................................................................................
Acute Bronchiolitis ...............................................................................................................................................
Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis.......................................................................................................................
Tonsillectomy Indications ......................................................................................................................................
Adenoidectomy ...................................................................................................................................................
Acute Persistent Stridor in Children .......................................................................................................................
Immunization............................................................................................................................
Contraindications for Immunization.......................................................................................................................
Side Effects .........................................................................................................................................................
Nephrology ..............................................................................................................................
Proteinuria ..........................................................................................................................................................
Hematuria ..........................................................................................................................................................
Urine Examination ...............................................................................................................................................
Urinary Tract Infections ........................................................................................................................................
Glomerulonephritis .............................................................................................................................................
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis ..........................................................................................................
Secondary Glomerulonephritis ............................................................................................................................
Nephrotic Syndrome ...........................................................................................................................................
Minimal Change Disease (Lipid Nephrosis)...........................................................................................................
PAEDIATRICS
COMPILED AND TRANSL ATED
VA R I O U S S O U R C E S
,Neonatology ............................................................................................................................
Adaptation of the Newborn to Extra-uterine Life ...................................................................................................
ApGar Score ......................................................................................................................................................
Clinical Examination of the Newborn ...................................................................................................................
Neurological Examination of the Newborn ..........................................................................................................
Assessment of Gestational Maturity ......................................................................................................................
Maternal and Fetal Diseases ................................................................................................................................
Birth Injuries ........................................................................................................................................................
Perinatal Asphyxia ..................................................................................................................
Respiratory Disorders ..........................................................................................................................................
Neonatal Jaundice....................................................................................................................
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinema in Neonates ......................................................................................................
conjugated Hyperbilirubinema in Neonates ..........................................................................................................
Pathological Jaundice ..........................................................................................................................................
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn ..........................................................................................
Allo-immunization................................................................................................................................................
ABO Alloimmunization ........................................................................................................................................
Viral Infections in Neonates .....................................................................................................
Toxoplasmosis .....................................................................................................................................................
Rubella (German Measles) ..................................................................................................................................
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ......................................................................................................................................
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) ................................................................................................................................
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) .................................................................................................................................
Bacterial Infections ...................................................................................................................
Neonatal Meningitis ............................................................................................................................................
Neonatal Convulsions...............................................................................................................
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)...........................................................................
Characteristics of Prematurity ..................................................................................................
Clinical Genetics........................................................................................................................
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) ..............................................................................................................................
Turner Syndrome (45, x) .....................................................................................................................................
Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY) ............................................................................................................................
Prenatal Diagnostics .................................................................................................................
non-invasive Methods ..........................................................................................................................................
Invasive Methods ................................................................................................................................................
Biochemical Disorders ..............................................................................................................
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) .................................................................................................................................
, Edema (Differential Diagnosis) .............................................................................................................................
Ca2+,P, and Mg2+ De ciency ...................................................................................................
Calcium De ciency (Ca2+) ..................................................................................................................................
Magnesium De ciency (Mg2+) ............................................................................................................................
Phosphate De ciency ..........................................................................................................................................
Cardiology................................................................................................................................
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) ...........................................................................................................................
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) ...................................................................................................................................
Persistent Ductus Arteriosus ..................................................................................................................................
Cyanotic Heart Defects .............................................................................................................
Tetralogy of Fallot ...............................................................................................................................................
Transposition of Great Vessels ..............................................................................................................................
Cardiology: Infections ..............................................................................................................
Infective Endocarditis...........................................................................................................................................
Myocarditis ........................................................................................................................................................
Cardiac Insuf ciency .................................................................................................................
Clinical Classi cation of Cardiac Insuf ciency in Children.......................................................................................
Growth and Development ........................................................................................................
Normal Growth ..................................................................................................................................................
Measuring Growth ..............................................................................................................................................
Factors Affecting Growth .....................................................................................................................................
Main Characteristics of Prenatal and Postnatal Growth ..........................................................................................
Important Indicators of Growth ............................................................................................................................
Puberty.....................................................................................................................................
Pubertal Disorders....................................................................................................................
Precocious Puberty ..............................................................................................................................................
Partial Precocious Puberty ...................................................................................................................................
Delayed Puberty .................................................................................................................................................
Nutritional Needs of a Child .....................................................................................................
Basic Principles of (Infant) Feeding .......................................................................................................................
Natural Feeding ..................................................................................................................................................
BREAST MILK .....................................................................................................................................................
Lactogenesis .......................................................................................................................................................
Cow s Milk .........................................................................................................................................................
FORMULAS ........................................................................................................................................................
Solid Food Nutrition (non-Milk) ............................................................................................................................
Nutritional Disorders ................................................................................................................
Causes ...............................................................................................................................................................
, Pulmology ................................................................................................................................
Congenital Anomalies of the Respiratory Tract ........................................................................
Laryngomalacia ..................................................................................................................................................
Congenital Subglottic Tracheal Stenosis ................................................................................................................
Tracheomalacia ..................................................................................................................................................
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula ..................................................................................................................................
Epiglottitis (Emergency) ............................................................................................................
Clinical Features..................................................................................................................................................
Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis (Croup) ......................................................................................................................
Asthma .....................................................................................................................................
Early Transient Wheezing/Recurrent wheezing .....................................................................................................
Asthma with Early Onset and Allergy ...................................................................................................................
Asthma with late Onset and Allergy .....................................................................................................................
Acute Asthma Attack ...........................................................................................................................................
Tuberculosis (TB) .......................................................................................................................
Primary TB Infection ............................................................................................................................................
Tuberculin Tests ...................................................................................................................................................
Pneumonia, Mono, Bronchitis, etc. ...........................................................................................
Pneumonia .........................................................................................................................................................
Infectious Mononucleosis .....................................................................................................................................
Acute Viral Bronchitis ..........................................................................................................................................
Acute Bronchiolitis ...............................................................................................................................................
Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis.......................................................................................................................
Tonsillectomy Indications ......................................................................................................................................
Adenoidectomy ...................................................................................................................................................
Acute Persistent Stridor in Children .......................................................................................................................
Immunization............................................................................................................................
Contraindications for Immunization.......................................................................................................................
Side Effects .........................................................................................................................................................
Nephrology ..............................................................................................................................
Proteinuria ..........................................................................................................................................................
Hematuria ..........................................................................................................................................................
Urine Examination ...............................................................................................................................................
Urinary Tract Infections ........................................................................................................................................
Glomerulonephritis .............................................................................................................................................
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis ..........................................................................................................
Secondary Glomerulonephritis ............................................................................................................................
Nephrotic Syndrome ...........................................................................................................................................
Minimal Change Disease (Lipid Nephrosis)...........................................................................................................
