SOC 3420 Criminology 7-8 | Questions and Answers

SOC 3420 Criminology 7-8 | Questions and Answers Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it? a. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, are basically good. b. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals. c. Criminal behavior is genetic, regardless of race, class, or gender. d. Lower-class people, regardless of race or gender, are more prone to commit crime. REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Social control theory suggests that ______. a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken b. only males have significant potential to become criminals c. crime is a learned behavior d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Social reaction theory suggests that ______. a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken b. only males have significant potential to become criminals c. crime is a learned behavior d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization _________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a noncoercive way. a. Parent pathology b. Low frequency parenting c. Parental efficacy d. Low coercion parenting REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization All of the following family factors are associated with delinquency except ______. a. inconsistent discipline b. poor parental supervision c. noncoercive parenting d. drug abusing parents REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are ______. a. more likely to be depressed and suicidal as they mature b. more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature c. more likely to suffer mental impairment as they mature d. more likely to engage in violent crime as they mature REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Children who fail in school offend more frequently than those who graduate. According to research on national dropout rates, which of the following group sets has "little more than a fifty-fifty chance" of graduating high school? a. White Americans and Italian Americans b. Hispanic Americans and African Americans c. Asian Americans and Italian Americans d. Native Americans and white Americans REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers? a. Troubled kids do so because they are not involved in after-school activities. b. Troubled kids do so because they fail to understand truancy and delinquency laws. c. Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire. d. Troubled kids are biologically drawn or attracted to troublemakers. REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment, ____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment. a. loyalty to b. fear of c. hostility from d. skills learned from REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they ______. a. attend self-esteem building programs b. attend religious services c. have religious beliefs d. have parents with religious beliefs REFERENCES: Institutions of Socialization Which of the following is not one of the major principles of differential association? a. Criminal behavior is learned. b. Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating techniques. c. Differential associations may vary in meaning, reliability, and intention. d. A person becomes a criminal when he or she perceives more favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law. REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that ______. a. criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds b. criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior c. criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class d. criminal behavior is a function of media exposure REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Which of the following research findings supports the core principles of differential association theory? a. Criminal and delinquent acts are rational and systematic. b. Differential association accounts for spontaneous acts of violence. c. Differential association theory involves circular reasoning. d. Crime appears to be intergenerational. REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories The process of _____ refers to moving in and out of delinquency or shifting between conventional and deviant values. a. transfer b. waft c. drift d. sway REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Which of the following is not a criticism of differential association theory? a. Differential association theory fails to account for the origin of criminal definitions. b. Differential association theory assumes criminal and delinquent acts to be rational and systematic. c. Differential association theory can account for isolated, psychopathic killing. d. Differential association theory ignores spontaneous acts of violence. REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Neutralization theory points out that ______. a. criminal behavior is learned in much the same way that conformity is learned b. even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time c. criminality is a product of weak self-concept and poor self-esteem d. law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power and penalizing the powerless REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization? a. Denial of injury b. Denial of the victim c. Appeal to higher loyalties d. Denial of responsibility REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by "appealing to higher loyalties." Which of the following would be an example of that technique? a. Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor b. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend c. Stealing from a large department store that "has plenty of money" d. Blaming the police for being unfair REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate? a. Street criminals frequently respect and admire honest, law-abiding persons. b. Street criminals do not experience guilt that requires neutralization. c. Street criminals experience guilt and shame that require neutralization. d. Street criminals are often embarrassed about showing pride in their criminal accomplishments. REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements? a. Attachment b. Commitment c. Affection d. Involvement REFERENCES: 180-181 Travis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi's conclusions? a. Youths who are strongly attached to parents were less likely to commit crime. b. Youths who were involved in conventional activities were less likely to engage in criminal behavior. c. Youths who maintained weak, distant relationships with people tended toward delinquency. d. Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents. REFERENCES: Social Control Theory Which of the following issues has been raised regarding the validity of social control theory? a. Delinquency may lead to weakened social bonds, not vice versa. b. Social control theory has never been empirically tested. c. Social control theory applies primarily to lower-class youth and does not explain the criminal behavior of middle- and upper-class youth. d. Social control theory relies too heavily on social relationships that are difficult to measure. REFERENCES: Social Control Theory In its purest form, __________ theory argues that even crimes such as murder, rape, and assault are only bad or evil because people label them as such. a. social control b. social reaction c. social structure d. social process REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten. a. primary deviance b. secondary deviance c. all criminal behavior d. a moral lapse REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory The boyhood friend of a convicted murderer is interviewed by the media and reports that the offender was withdrawn, suspicious, and negativistic as a youth. This is an example of ______. a. introspective reading b. retrospective reading c. enhanced reading d. reflective reading REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory Which of the following statements does not reflect labeling theory? a. Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation. b. Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior. c. Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers. d. Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individuals and their behavior. REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory __________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance. a. Reactive stigmata b. Differential morality c. Retrospective association d. Deviance amplification REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory A competency hearing in which a person is declared "mentally ill," or a trial where someone in found to be a "rapist" are forms of __________, according to Harold Garfinkle. a. successful demonizing rituals b. successful shame rituals c. successful stigmatizing ceremonies d. successful degradation ceremonies REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment of criminal careers on ______. a. parents b. crime control agencies c. teachers d. the criminals themselves REFERENCES: Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label. a. Diversion programs b. Acceleration programs c. Diffusion programs d. Regeneration programs REFERENCES: Social Process Theory and Public Policy Tom, Dick, and Harry are three teens from the Columbus, OH area. Using the information below, ANSWER the following questions. The three boys got in trouble for skipping school and for possession of stolen goods. They told their parents that they didn't want to steal the items but their friends were doing it and they felt they needed to support their friends. This would most likely be explained by which subcomponent of techniques of neutralization? a. Appeal to higher loyalty b. Denial of victim c. Denial of responsibility d. Condemnation of the condemners REFERENCES: Social Learning Theories After being kicked out of school, Tom and Dick decide to vandalize the property of the teacher who turned them. The boys were heard saying "had it coming," and deserved the actions based on what he had done to them. According to Techniques of Neutralization theory, which of the subcomponents of the theory best fits this example?