PSY 342 Quizzes | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

PSY 342 Quizzes | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Compared to nonexperts, psychophysiology experts' opinions about the reliability and usefulness of polygraph test results indicate that the polygraph is: more questionable than useful. The use of countermeasures _____ the detection of guilty suspects by 50%, and the examiners _____ able to tell that the suspects were manipulating their own arousal patterns reduced; were not Studies show that those police officers who have passed through interrogation training: feel more confident in their judgments of lie detection even when wrong The comparison question technique (CQT) polygraph technique utilizes comparison questions that are supposed to make a person uncomfortable (so-called known lie questions). Which question is NOT a good comparison question for CQT purposes? Have you ever tried a food you did not like? The ability of humans to maintain relatively harmonious social relationships is facilitated by our capacity to _____ the truth bend and reshape Unlike other polygraph tests, the guilty knowledge test: reduces polygraph examiners to mere technicians According to the text, confirmation bias is the tendency to: seek out evidence that supports preexisting beliefs The MOST important task of the polygraph examiner is to: convince the examinee that the polygraph can always detect a lie According to research completed by Bond and DePaulo (2006), people's ability to distinguish lies has a _____ above-chance rate of accuracy, and efforts to improve people's ability to discern lies have _____ very successful barely; not been A study by Kassin and his colleagues (2005) found that police detectives were _____ likely than college students to judge false confessions as true, and were _____ confident about their judgments. more; more Jared was questioning a suspect using the Reid technique, and after a long and exhausting interrogation, the suspect falsely confessed to the crime just to put an end to the interrogation. When hearing this confession, Jared felt even more confident that the suspect was guilty. This is an illustration of the phenomenon that psychologists call _____ bias. Confirmation Among the techniques looking at brain activity patterns, _____ is better able to locate the precise area of the brain activity, whereas _____ is better able to determine the timing of the activity fMRI; EEG Paula has been playing with her fingers and rings during the interrogation and tried to avoid direct eye contact with her interrogator. Most people would mistakenly conclude that she is hiding something. This erroneous belief is called: liar's stereotype The comparison question technique (CQT) posits that guilty individuals react more strongly to _____ questions, whereas innocent individuals react more strongly to _____ questions relevant; comparison There are several problems with standard polygraph techniques. Which is NOT one of these problems? Polygraph examiners believe in the importance of their mission and skills Juan is a polygraph examiner who just completed a comparison question technique examination of a suspect in a murder investigation. In scoring the polygraph charts, which total score would indicate to Juan that the suspect is likely lying? -6 Marissa is being polygraphed using the guilty knowledge test. This test focuses on whether Marissa: knows the facts that one would expect that only the criminal would know Elena was suspected of committing a fraud. Investigators asked her to tell her story in reverse. This promising lie-detection technique is based on the idea that narrating backward: increased cognitive load Training people to detect lies _____ their ability _____ their confidence in their ability to discern lies does not improve; but raises According to the text, the most prevalent use of the polygraph in the United States is: for national security purposes All of these are possible explanations for why suspects waive their Miranda rights, EXCEPT: police are very careful in explaining to suspects their rights Because of a long, exhausting interrogation, Kathryn just wanted the questioning to stop, so she confessed to the crime knowing that she did not commit it. This type of confession is called an _____ confession instrumental-coerced Even though a _____ may rule that a confession is inadmissible because it was coerced, such rulings are _____ judge; rare After an intense interrogation process, Matthew became convinced that he robbed the store since all physical evidence pointed to him. This form of false confession is called an _____ confession internalized-coerced Which statement is NOT true surrounding the enactment of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE)? The reforms have harmed the ability of police to elicit true confessions According to the text, the current state of the criminal justice system in the United States makes all of these very likely to happen, EXCEPT: juries can often determine if the confession resulted from psychological coercion According to the text, which statement about false confessions is NOT true? Studies prove that false confessions are extremely rare Research by Kassin and his colleagues has shown that even when _____ had no problem recognizing that a confession was coerced, they still voted _____ more often jurors; guilty In the United States, these interrogation techniques are legal EXCEPT: telling suspects that they will get a reduced sentence if they confess to the crime Police may use a variety of evidence ploys during interrogation. This is possible because: police can lie during interrogation Which pattern of thinking demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, or the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional causes? If suspects are innocent, they would not confess to the crime they did not commit Jeremy purposely confessed to a crime he did not commit to cover up for his wife. This type of confession is referred to as an _____ confession instrumental-voluntary Jillian had often suffered from a delusional behavior disorder. When brought in for questioning, she started out by confessing to a crime that she had taken no part in. The term used for this type of false confession is an _____ confession internalized-voluntary The Reid technique is _____ used by police in the United States when questioning suspects. Establishing a sense of loss of control as part of this technique makes suspects feel _____ often; vulnerable In the United Kingdom, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) was enacted to make it illegal to trick suspects or to lie for the purpose of coercing suspects to confess. Studies show that _____ of pressure tactics and trickery, suspects are _____ likely to admit guilt despite the decline; just as Based on the text, the advantage of information-gathering techniques over accusatorial methods is that: both approaches increase the number of true confessions, while information-gathering techniques reduce false confessions Kurt was arrested even though he was innocent. All of these are likely reasons he waived his Miranda rights, EXCEPT: this was the first time he heard about the right to remain silent Jack was extremely uncomfortable with admitting to a crime against a minor so he kept denying any involvement. The interrogator has been very understanding and nice, and suggested that Jack had committed the crime without realizing the victim was a minor, since she looked so mature and acted like an adult. This situation illustrates a combination of which influence strategies inherent in the Reid technique? certainty of guilt and minimization of culpability Hugo is interrogated alone and told repeatedly that his guilt is corroborated by both physical evidence and eyewitness accounts. Which approach MOST likely embodies the strategy that the police used during Hugo's interrogation? social isolation and certainty of guilt Nonspecific jury instructions to "weigh" unrecorded confessions with "caution and care": are not likely to help jurors decide what factors to weigh when assessing the truthfulness of a confession. A British study found that police detectives found profiling _____ the profiles helped catch a perpetrator in _____ of the cases where profiles were developed helpful, but; a very small proportion Mokros and Alison (2002) analyzed 100 stranger rapes for the presence of 28 characteristics of the rapists, who committed them, and found: no discernible demographic resemblance between criminals that committed very similar crimes Unlike profiling, behavioral investigative advice offers help to investigators on all of these, EXCEPT: what personality traits can be inferred from the crime scene evidence Whereas _____ profiling relies on instinct, _____ profiling relies on maps and mathematics psychological; geographic Psychological autopsies are typically used in cases involving: equivocal death According to the text, easily observable characteristics such as race should NOT be used for the purpose of classifying people as suspects because: large groups of innocent people are likely to be harassed as a result All of these statements are true about research conducted by Correll and colleagues that used fast-paced video games to assess implicit bias, EXCEPT: subjects are more likely to mistakenly fire at an unarmed white avatar Like with any other technique, what would be required to demonstrate the usefulness of profiling is: systematic research Serial killers tend to select victims: of a particular type Many serial killers suffer from _____ that impairs their _____ brain injury; rational thinking In a study by Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) that has compared the accuracy of profiles developed by trained profilers with those of students, it was found that _____ created more accurate profiles _____ profilers; but only for the sex offender case Holmes and Holmes (2010) have categorized serial killers into four types: visionary, mission-oriented, hedonistic, and power-oriented. Subsequent research showed that: most serial killers do not fall neatly into just one of these categories Research has essentially discredited the idea at the heart of the profiling process: that _____ crimes are committed by _____ people similar; similar The characteristics of serial killers seem to have _____ though there are _____ common to all serial killers some recurring patterns; no characteristics According to the text, Dr. _____ is considered to be the first individual to develop a criminal profile when working on the Jack the Ripper case, at the end of the nineteenth century Thomas Bond In geographic profiling, an anchor point refers to: the location from which an offender leaves to launch attacks The NASH system is utilized to classify the: causes of death In a study examining the effectiveness and accuracy of profiling, the vast majority of criminal profiles were found to be: inaccurate and inconsistent A distinctive, personal aspect of the crime that presumably reveals the personality of the killer is known as a(n): Signature An influential, though unproven, taxonomy dividing killers into the organized and disorganized categories, makes a questionable leap from features of the _____ to the _____ of the perpetrator crime scene; personality traits According to the text, the cross-race effect is present in babies as young as _____ months old, and _____ from childhood to adulthood 9; is consistently strong Eyewitness testimony is very important in court trials. In fact, it is often crucial because it is likely to be: the most compelling evidence presented in court Andrea was asked to be an expert witness in a case with a suspected biased lineup. She conducted a mock witness evaluation of this lineup and showed the six-person lineup and the witness's description of the suspect to 180 mock witnesses. If more than _____ mock witnesses pick out the suspect then it's likely a biased lineup 30 Scripts help us to _____ but can also _____ eyewitness memories process information more efficiently; get mixed in with Lapses of attention are most likely to affect which stage of the process of memory work? Encoding Elizabeth Loftus (1984) examined 347 cases in which _____ eyewitness testimony. She found that the defendant was _____ in most cases the only evidence was; convicted Ashley stopped at the bank to deposit her paycheck, and then stopped at a nearby gas station to pick up a few grocery items. While she was at the gas station, a robber entered with his gun drawn and ordered everybody, including Ashley, to raise their hands and move to the back wall. After the robber gathered all the money from the cash register and collected the customers' wallets, he left. Later, at the police station, Ashley has mistakenly given a description of a bank teller's face when asked to describe the robber. This phenomenon is known as: unconscious transference Certain ways of initial questioning of the eyewitness can significantly alter the recall of the crime scene. Retrieval inhibition occurs when an individual: selectively recalls some aspects of a situation while other aspects get ignored According to the APLS recommendations, before the suspect is included in a lineup, the police need to have evidence-based grounds to suspect that an individual is guilty of the specific crime being investigated Many people believe that high stress _____ memory, but empirical studies find that stress _____ memory enhances; impairs According to research studies on eyewitness identification that are described in the text, which statement is NOT correct? High-stress conditions usually increase the rate of correct identifications Individuals often _____ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _____ event overestimate; stressful To improve the accuracy of eyewitnesses' identifications, social scientists can assist the legal system in improving _____ variables System When presented with a lineup, Morgan was able to identify the perpetrator of the robbery she had witnessed. She was not sure of her identification at first, but when the investigator mentioned that another witness also chose the same suspect, her confidence that she remembered the perpetrator well grew close to 100%. This is an illustration of: postidentification feedback effect The biggest problem regarding the use of the cognitive interview with eyewitnesses is the difficulties that police have with: adopting the interviewing style that is so different from their usual one Cutler, Penrod, and Dexter (1990) conducted several experiments exposing mock jurors to expert testimony about the _____ of eyewitness identification. The authors of this study found that participants who were NOT exposed to the expert testimony _____ the accuracy of eyewitnesses ----- In 1998 and again in 2020, the American Psychology-Law Society (APLS) made recommendations on how to reduce the number of incorrect identifications by changing some system variables. Which is NOT a current best practice procedure? Sequential lineups should be preferred to simultaneous ones Even though the Supreme Court _____ the Manson framework, several states continue to _____ criteria established in Manson refused to amend; reexamine the outdated In addition to issues with memory in general, other things can introduce biases. Studies show that interference can take place during the process of identification of a suspect: Witnesses may feel more certain about their memory of an event or perpetrator as a result of _____ and _____ biased questioning; lineup procedures Research findings indicate that there are several drawbacks to using hypnosis in forensic settings. Which statement about the use of hypnosis is NOT correct? People remember less but what they do recall under hypnosis is more accurate What is the BEST description of the NICHD Investigative Interview Revised Protocol? This is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children In the 2000s, claims of recovered memories _____, mostly in response to _____ decreased drastically; successful lawsuits against therapists who had created false memories According to the text, children who supposedly suffer from child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are likely to show behavioral symptoms that could also be evident in children misled into admitting such abuse. These symptoms are believed to be part of the CSAAS syndrome, EXCEPT: mentioning the abuse only to peers According to the text, all of these ways to ease the child testimony burden have been suggested, EXCEPT: having a family friend administer the cross-examination of the child The term memory wars refers to the reliability of ______ repressed memories The use of a closed-circuit television (CCTV) is another way that children can testify in a case. CCTV allows the judge and jury to see the child without exposing the alleged victim to the emotional trauma that may present itself if the child were to see the defendant. In the case of Maryland v. Craig, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the _____ the defendant's right to confront the accuser importance of protecting the child victim outweighs It is especially important to record the _____ with the child because _____ first interview; it may have the clearest indicators of the child's truthfulness Delia is a prosecutor working on a case where allegations of child sexual abuse perpetrated by a day care center worker have been made. The child's parents are very concerned and want Delia to investigate the allegations. When it comes to the use of child interviewing props, Delia's best course of action is to use anatomically detailed _____. Moreover, these props should be used _____ body diagrams; only after the child has made a disclosure of abuse It is important to avoid bias when interviewing a possible victim or witness. This is particularly true with children. One technique that may be used to avoid bias when interviewing children is the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Investigative Interview Revised Protocol. The NICHD revised protocol guides interviewers toward all of these, EXCEPT: using questions requiring a yes-or-no answer Suggestive questions can best be described as _____ leading questions _____ including; not volunteered by the child The repression hypothesis posits that traumatic memories can be maintained in the _____ for years, and the use of _____ techniques may be helpful in uncovering them unconscious; relaxation and visualization Research exploring the effect of repetitive questioning on preschool-aged children's responses found that: most children changed their answers to incorporate the suggested falsehoods Hearsay testimony is generally _____ in court but most states do allow an exception to the hearsay rule for _____ victims inadmissible; child According to the text, which statement about child sexual abuse is NOT true? Roughly equal percentages of boys and girls experience some form of unwanted sexual touching There have been studies on the use of anatomically detailed dolls as props when questioning children who are suspected of having been victims of sexual abuse. Overall, the research: on the effectiveness of these props is inconclusive According to the text, children who recant previous allegations of sexual abuse are likely to have been abused by a: parental figure There are several conclusions that can be drawn from research on implanting false memories. Which conclusion is NOT correct? An individual's confidence, especially when absolute, is a reliable indicator that the memory is true Two components of the presumed child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are the denial of abuse and recantation of abuse. Researchers who analyzed actual interviews with sexually abused children found that, in reality, the denial and recantation of abuse: are unusual When exposed to sexual abuse testimony given by children at trial, it appears that jurors are _____ to believe young children compared to adolescents more likely The concept of repression has found _____ support in empirical research studies of real victims of _____ very little; traumatic events If prosecutors contest insanity, jurors are typically not informed that the defendant would not go free if found NGRI. A study cited in the text has found that telling jurors what happens to a defendant found NGRI: leads to more NGRI verdicts The Durham standard replaced the M'Naghten rule in 1954, to take into consideration: whether the act was caused by the mental disease or defect of a person Which term is synonymous with sanity evaluation? criminal responsibility evaluation Research suggests that insanity cases are often decided on ______ grounds moral