PSYCH 343 Exam 2 | Answered with complete solutions

PSYCH 343 Exam 2 | Answered with complete solutions For a child to be able to understand that the amount of water in a tall, thin glass is still the same amount that was it was when it was in a short, fat glass, the child must be able to A. classify the liquid as a substance that can be found in both a tall, thin glass and a short, fat glass. B. use hypothetico-deductive reasoning to solve the problem. C. decenter on the height of the liquid in the glass and pay attention to both the width of the container and the height of the liquid. D. understand that knowledge is not absolute but relative, so they can resolve contradictory information. Compared to older adolescents and adults, younger adolescents are more likely to A. use elaboration rather than rehearsal as a memory strategy. B. have a more integrated knowledge base. C. create intuitive, automatic memories rather than specific, verbatim memories. D. use both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when working on a memory task. In Vygotsky's theory, the cognitive abilities that are in the process of forming and which a child can demonstrate with a little help is called the zone of proximal development Intuitive thought is a type of reasoning in which children A. cannot see the world from another's point of view. B. begin with a general case, and reason down to a specific instance. C. begin to put together logical explanations but are still influenced more by what they perceive than by logical reasoning. D. begin with a set of specific instances and reason up to a general conclusion. Piaget would say that the stages in his theory A. are only general descriptions of how cognitive development occurs and do not apply to every child. B. typically happen in the order he describes, but can occur out of order for children who are very bright. C. always occur in the order he describes, but the ages at which they occur are only approximations. D. are based upon the typical social experiences that children have at different ages. Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that A. children in non-Western cultures move through the stages at a much slower rate than children in Western cultures. B. Piaget's tasks cannot be adapted in ways that make them culturally relevant for cross-cultural research. C. the stages that Piaget describes appear in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ. D. contrary to earlier findings, children from non-Western cultures usually perform better on Piagetian tasks than children from Western cultures. When children develop classification skills, they become better at games such as "20 Questions", demonstrated by how they A. begin by asking questions from the smallest category possible to narrow out all the potential answers. B. continue to work their way down from larger to smaller categories when asking questions. C. use knowledge from past experience to answer questions. D. focus on one aspect and continue to ask questions along that dimension. One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that A. the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes. B. a child's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development. C. the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. D. children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world. How quickly we can take in information is our processing speed Long-term and working memory reach peak capacity at age 11 or 12 In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in order to solve conservation problems, you must be able to A. focus on one aspect of a situation and fail to notice changes in other aspects. B. bring together and analyze contradictory thoughts or actions. C. understand that the amount, volume or mass of objects remains the same even if their appearance changes. D. organize concepts into a series of hierarchical categories. When an adolescent can solve a complex problem by first formulating hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses in a systematic and logical way, the adolescent is engaging in hypothetic-deductive reasoning Executive function enables you to A. coordinate attention and control behavioral responses so you can attain a goal. B. recall specific memories, rather than just general, impressionistic memories. C. develop an organized and well-integrated knowledge base. D. employ various strategies to enhance your autobiographical memory. In Piaget's theory, a schema is A. an understanding of memory, how it works, and how to use it effectively. B. a memory strategy for increasing the number of associations that ties individual pieces of information together. C. a cognitive framework that allows us to place concepts, objects, and experiences into categories or groups. D. a way to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses in order to attain a goal. Children do not develop the ability to think logically and abstractly until they reach the stage of formal operations Which of the following is not an ability associated with executive function? A. Cognitive flexibility B. Scaffolding C. Planning D. Inhibitory control Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that A. Piaget's theory portrays children's cognitive development as occurring much more rapidly. B. Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others. C. Piaget saw children as being dependent upon others for the learning that occurs. D. Vygotsky portrays children's cognitive development as developing in a single predictable way. Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of A. social referencing. B. sympathy. C. empathic feelings. D. emotional intelligence. Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the A. moral values of young children. B. children's ability to understand and follow complex instructions. C. children's effortful control of their behavior. D. children's ability to empathize with the needs of another person. The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as A. emotional display rules. B. sociocultural emotion. C. emotiguides. D. emotional interpretation. One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that A. there are biological differences between adolescent males and females. B. girls do not form the same type of supportive interpersonal relationships that boys do. C. there are far fewer treatments for depression available to adolescent girls. D. girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys. The Strange Situation is a way to A. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant. B. document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness. C. measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves. D. assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother. When the circumstances of a child's life situation change, there is evidence that A. the quality of their attachment relationship is unlikely to be affected. B. a secure attachment might become insecure, but an insecure attachment cannot change for the better. C. an insecure attachment can change to a secure one, but a secure attachment will be unaffected by a change in circumstances. D. a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an insecure attachment to a secure one. When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of ___________, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience ___________. guilt; shame Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are emotion dismissing The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon A. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child. B. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences. C. the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment. D. the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl. Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating Sympathy When a baby feels safe and secure in the presence of the caregiver to whom she is attached, she can A. work on her cognitive development, such as developing object permanence. B. rely exclusively on that caregiver without the need to develop other secure attachments. C. use the caregiver as a secure base and begin exploring the environment. D. indiscriminately attach to any other people that the baby encounters. Parents who want their children to explore and understand their feelings engage in emotion coaching Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they A. have developed object permanence. B. can think about how events affect their self-evaluations. C. understand reversibility. D. can empathize with the feelings of others. The difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders is that A. conduct disorders are easier to treat than oppositional defiant disorder. B. conduct disorders are more serious and include violations of the rights of others and societal norms. C. oppositional defiant disorders usually do not need any intervention and go away on their own. D. oppositional defiant disorders are associated with harm to others and destruction of property. Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called social referencing Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying Empathy Cross-cultural research on attachment has found that A. mothers all over the world describe the characteristics of a securely attached infant in the same way. B. what mothers consider to be the characteristics of a securely attached infant can differ from one culture to another. C. all mothers say that they want their infants to be independent and to be able to move away from them to explore the environment. D. in all cultures studied to date, a mother being very controlling of her infant is a characteristic associated with maternal sensitivity and responsiveness. Boys and girls typically experience increased pressure to conform to the gender roles that are typical of their culture during adolescence. This is known as: gender intensification hypothesis Bill believes that girls are not good at math and boys are not good at caring for younger siblings. Bill's beliefs are based on: gender stereotypes How does Sandra Bem's views of gender development differ from Kohlberg's views? A. The stages of gender development do not happen at the same ages as what Kohlberg proposed. B. Young girls and boys follow the same path of gender development, not different trajectories. C. Gender stability does not appear until adolescence. D. Gender concepts do not follow stages and are learned from your particular society. Research suggests that there are gender differences in positive emotions. However, this difference is stronger for: older adolescents In Kohlberg's stages of gender development, what happens in the first stage? A. Children understand that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man. B. Children understand that a boy with long hair is still a boy and a girl with short hair is still a girl. C. Children think that if a girl wears a tie, she might become a boy. D. Children seek out information about what is appropriate for boys and girls to do and wear. The idea that children are exposed to numerous examples of gender role and activities that they can imitate, which influences their gender identity is consistent with which theory of gender development? social cognitive theory Which of the following is not a dimension of gender identity in the gender self-socialization model? A. Gender typicality B. Membership knowledge C. Gender centrality D. Gender constancy Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a gender nonconforming individual? A. "I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male." B. "I am a boy, but I feel more like a girl inside." C. "I do not identify with male or female." D. "I identify with being a girl and I was born a girl. I just like dressing like a boy sometimes." Femininity in girls is associated with which of the following? A. Mother's femininity B. Father's masculinity C. Mother's approval of the father as a role model D. Number of sisters the child has A person with an identification with a gender other than the natal gender is considered to be Transgender Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a transgender individual? A. "I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male." B. "I am a boy, but I feel more like a girl inside." C. "I do not identify with male or female." D. "I identify with being a girl and I was born a girl. I just like dressing like a boy sometimes." Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of an androgynous individual? A. "I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male." B. "I am a boy, but I feel more like a girl inside." C. "I do not identify with male or female." D. "I identify with being a girl and I was born a girl. I just like dressing like a boy sometimes." Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a transexual individual? A. "I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male." B. "I am a boy, but I feel more like a girl inside." C. "I do not identify with male or female." D. "I identify with being a girl and I was born a girl. I just like dressing like a boy sometimes." Which of the following statements is true regarding children of gay or lesbian parents? A. The child will also identify as gay or lesbian B. The child will be more likely to display feminine behaviors C. The sexual orientation of a child's parents has no influence of the child's sexuality D. The child will experience poorer psychosocial outcomes Researchers found evidence for three groups of aggressive children: highly aggressive children, moderately aggressive children, and low aggressive children. The majority of the children fell into the _____________ aggressive group and ____________ were more likely to be in the highly aggressive group. moderately; boys Peter likes to play with trucks while his sister would rather play with her tea set. Their behavior is an example of: gender-role preferences Research on gender differences in emotion expression has suggested that: A. There are large differences in the emotional expression between boys and girls B. Boys are less likely to show externalizing emotions, such as anger C. There are no differences in the emotional expression of boys and girls D. Girls were more likely to show positive emotions and internalizing emotions, such as sadness According to behaviorism, as children are growing up A. fathers, but not mothers, encourage both their sons and daughters to engage in a number of behavior and activities that are associated with the opposite gender. B. they need to understand that gender is a stable and permanent individual characteristic before they can adopt a gender identity. C. boys are more actively discouraged from engaging in behaviors that are considered feminine than girls are discouraged from engaging in ones considered masculine. D. parents, other adults, peers and even the media must portray a consistent pattern of gender-typed models of behavior or children become confused about their gender identity. When children have the belief that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man, but they are still not clear that a girl playing with trucks does not become a boy or that a boy playing with dolls doesn't become a girl, they are in Kohlberg's __________ stage of gender development. gender stability The idea that gender identity cannot be assessed by asking whether someone believes him- or herself to be nurturing or aggressive because these characteristics may not fit neatly into that person's gender stereotypes is consistent with the gender self-socialization model Sexual orientation is A. your identification of yourself as a male or female. B. the degree to which you conform to gender stereotypes. C. your preference for a sexual partner of the same or opposite sex. D. the degree to which you are masculine, feminine or androgynous. According to behaviorism, as children are growing up A. fathers, but not mothers, encourage both their sons and daughters to engage in a number of behavior and activities that are associated with the opposite gender.