BIOL 3000 - Exam 3 Test Questions With
All Correct Answers.
cytoplasm - Answer In eukaryotic cells, DNA is located in the nucleus, whereas protein synthesis takes
place in the __________________, suggesting that DNA could not code directly for proteins but RNA
perhaps could.
-single stranded instead of double stranded
-frequent folds in RNA - Answer list some ways that RNA molecules are different from DNA molecules
-U instead of T
-ribose instead of deoxyribose - Answer list some ways that RNA is chemically different than DNA
phage "messenger" RNA - Answer Brenner, Francois, Jacob, and Meselson discovered that RNA that
directed phage protein synthesis formed and degraded quickly, leading them to conclude that
________________ with a short half-life is responsible for protein synthesis during infection.
mRNA (messenger RNA) - Answer a form of RNA transcribed from a gene and subsequently translated
to produce a polypeptide or protein
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - Answer a group of RNA molecules that compose part of the structure of
ribosomes
translation - Answer ribosomal RNA combines with numerous proteins to form the ribosome, the
molecular machine responsible for __________________
tRNA (transfer RNA) - Answer a family of small RNA molecules that each bind a specific amino acid and
convey it to the ribosome, where the anticodon sequence undertakes complementary base pairing with
an mRNA codon during translation
telomerase RNA - Answer the RNA portion of the telomerase enzyme that provides a template for
synthesis of the repeating sequence of the telomere
,snRNP (small nuclear RNA) - Answer regulatory RNAs operating in the nucleus
siRNA (small interfering RNA) - Answer single-stranded 21- to 24-nucleotide RNA molecules derived
from either endogenous of exogenous double-stranded RNA molecules that are incorporated in RISC to
mediate RNAi. Endogenously produced _____________ are most often from nongenic regions (e.g.,
repetitive RNA or products of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). Exogenously produced
_____________ are often derived from invading nucleic acids (e.g., transposons and viruses).
miRNA (micro RNA) - Answer ____________________ and siRNA are recognized types of regulatory
RNA that are particularly active in plant and animal cells. They have a widespread and important role in
the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, controlling the stability or translatability of certain
mRNAs.
transcription - Answer the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule by RNA polymerase
1) promoter recognition and identification
2) the initiation of transcript synthesis
3) transcript elongation
4) transcription termination - Answer the four stages of transcription in bacteria
promoter - Answer a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates
transcription region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
upstream - Answer referring to a gene or sequence location that is toward the 5' direction of a coding
strand
coding region - Answer the region of a gene that encodes the gene product
termination region - Answer the region of a gene containing the transcription-terminating sequence or
region
, downstream - Answer referring to a gene or sequence location that is toward the 3' direction on the
coding strand
no, transcription begins at the +1 nucleotide and transcribes in the downstream direction - Answer If a
consensus DNA sequence occurs upstream of the start of transcription, is it part of the coding sequence
of a gene?
RNA polymerase core - Answer the five-polypeptide component of bacterial RNA polymerase that
actively carries out transcription; consists of two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and an omega
subunit
sigma subunit - Answer accessory protein that changes the promoter-recognition specificity of the
bacterial RNA polymerase core
holoenzyme - Answer a fully functional multisubunit protein complex in bacteria, for example, the RNA
polymerase holoenzyme
alternative sigma subunit - Answer different forms of the sigma subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase
that induce distinct conformational changes to the RNA polymerase core and to the recognition of
distinct promoters
Pribnow box (-10 consensus sequence) - Answer a specific consensus sequence component of the
bacterial promoter with a location centered at approximately -10 relative to the start of transcription
-35 consensus sequence - Answer a specific consensus sequence of the bacterial promoter at which
RNA polymerase is bound
closed promoter complex - Answer the initial stage of transcription that forms when RNA polymerase
loosely binds the promoter
open promoter complex - Answer at transcription initiation, the stage at which RNA polymerase is
bound and a short region of DNA opens to allow transcription from the template strand
All Correct Answers.
cytoplasm - Answer In eukaryotic cells, DNA is located in the nucleus, whereas protein synthesis takes
place in the __________________, suggesting that DNA could not code directly for proteins but RNA
perhaps could.
-single stranded instead of double stranded
-frequent folds in RNA - Answer list some ways that RNA molecules are different from DNA molecules
-U instead of T
-ribose instead of deoxyribose - Answer list some ways that RNA is chemically different than DNA
phage "messenger" RNA - Answer Brenner, Francois, Jacob, and Meselson discovered that RNA that
directed phage protein synthesis formed and degraded quickly, leading them to conclude that
________________ with a short half-life is responsible for protein synthesis during infection.
mRNA (messenger RNA) - Answer a form of RNA transcribed from a gene and subsequently translated
to produce a polypeptide or protein
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - Answer a group of RNA molecules that compose part of the structure of
ribosomes
translation - Answer ribosomal RNA combines with numerous proteins to form the ribosome, the
molecular machine responsible for __________________
tRNA (transfer RNA) - Answer a family of small RNA molecules that each bind a specific amino acid and
convey it to the ribosome, where the anticodon sequence undertakes complementary base pairing with
an mRNA codon during translation
telomerase RNA - Answer the RNA portion of the telomerase enzyme that provides a template for
synthesis of the repeating sequence of the telomere
,snRNP (small nuclear RNA) - Answer regulatory RNAs operating in the nucleus
siRNA (small interfering RNA) - Answer single-stranded 21- to 24-nucleotide RNA molecules derived
from either endogenous of exogenous double-stranded RNA molecules that are incorporated in RISC to
mediate RNAi. Endogenously produced _____________ are most often from nongenic regions (e.g.,
repetitive RNA or products of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). Exogenously produced
_____________ are often derived from invading nucleic acids (e.g., transposons and viruses).
miRNA (micro RNA) - Answer ____________________ and siRNA are recognized types of regulatory
RNA that are particularly active in plant and animal cells. They have a widespread and important role in
the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, controlling the stability or translatability of certain
mRNAs.
transcription - Answer the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule by RNA polymerase
1) promoter recognition and identification
2) the initiation of transcript synthesis
3) transcript elongation
4) transcription termination - Answer the four stages of transcription in bacteria
promoter - Answer a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates
transcription region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
upstream - Answer referring to a gene or sequence location that is toward the 5' direction of a coding
strand
coding region - Answer the region of a gene that encodes the gene product
termination region - Answer the region of a gene containing the transcription-terminating sequence or
region
, downstream - Answer referring to a gene or sequence location that is toward the 3' direction on the
coding strand
no, transcription begins at the +1 nucleotide and transcribes in the downstream direction - Answer If a
consensus DNA sequence occurs upstream of the start of transcription, is it part of the coding sequence
of a gene?
RNA polymerase core - Answer the five-polypeptide component of bacterial RNA polymerase that
actively carries out transcription; consists of two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and an omega
subunit
sigma subunit - Answer accessory protein that changes the promoter-recognition specificity of the
bacterial RNA polymerase core
holoenzyme - Answer a fully functional multisubunit protein complex in bacteria, for example, the RNA
polymerase holoenzyme
alternative sigma subunit - Answer different forms of the sigma subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase
that induce distinct conformational changes to the RNA polymerase core and to the recognition of
distinct promoters
Pribnow box (-10 consensus sequence) - Answer a specific consensus sequence component of the
bacterial promoter with a location centered at approximately -10 relative to the start of transcription
-35 consensus sequence - Answer a specific consensus sequence of the bacterial promoter at which
RNA polymerase is bound
closed promoter complex - Answer the initial stage of transcription that forms when RNA polymerase
loosely binds the promoter
open promoter complex - Answer at transcription initiation, the stage at which RNA polymerase is
bound and a short region of DNA opens to allow transcription from the template strand
