hypoxia
lack of oxygen
hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat
Systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
Electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium essential for cardiac function
ductus venosus
connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
ductus arteriosus
connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
foramen ovale
•Mixed blood from the inferior vena cava enters left atrium through
foramen ovale
•Flows into left ventricle & pumps blood into the aorta so highest content
of O2 goes to brain
•Empties into right atrium rather than circulating to the lungs
•Closes within 2 hours after birth because of increased pressure in the
left atrium and permanently by 3 months of age
,P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization and relaxation
Cardiac Complex
P-QRS-T
Signs chronic hypoxemia
cyanosis, clubbing of finger, poor weight gain, tachypnea, dyspnea,
polycythemia (high RB count), hypoxemia increases erythropoiesis to
increase transportation of oxygen throughout the body
Transposition of the great arteries
•Great vessel of the heart are switches
•Pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle (vs right)
•Aorta is connected to the right ventricle (vs left)
Transposition of the great arteries signs and symptoms
•Signs/Symptoms
•Heart murmur
•Cyanosis, severe in hours/days as PDA closes
•Heart failure
•Cardiomegaly
Dependent on PDA until surgical repair can be done
Administration of PEG1 IV drip - chemically maintains patency of ductus
arteriosus
Surgical interventions to perform re-route of blood flow and repair PDA
, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
A cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects;
1. ventricular septal defect
2. pulmonary stenosis
3. right ventricular hypertrophy
4. overriding aorta.
Tetralogy of Fallot S/S
•Prominent heart murmur
•Growth retardation (FFT)
•Polycythemia/clotting disorders
•Cyanosis at rest
•Severe difficulty breathing
•Clubbing fingers
•Acidosis
•Tet spells (hypercyanotic spells)
Treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot
*For TET spells have child flex knees to chest to lower venous return
*Squat to decrease venous return - children prefer the squatting position
*Place infant in knee to chest position - hold infant up to shoulder and
bend knees to chest - this is the action a parent should take when they
notice cyanosis
*Administer morphine to calm child/slow tachypnea
*If oxygen saturations are very low, order for PEG1
Surgical repair performed when child is medically stable
lack of oxygen
hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat
Systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
Electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium essential for cardiac function
ductus venosus
connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
ductus arteriosus
connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
foramen ovale
•Mixed blood from the inferior vena cava enters left atrium through
foramen ovale
•Flows into left ventricle & pumps blood into the aorta so highest content
of O2 goes to brain
•Empties into right atrium rather than circulating to the lungs
•Closes within 2 hours after birth because of increased pressure in the
left atrium and permanently by 3 months of age
,P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization and relaxation
Cardiac Complex
P-QRS-T
Signs chronic hypoxemia
cyanosis, clubbing of finger, poor weight gain, tachypnea, dyspnea,
polycythemia (high RB count), hypoxemia increases erythropoiesis to
increase transportation of oxygen throughout the body
Transposition of the great arteries
•Great vessel of the heart are switches
•Pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle (vs right)
•Aorta is connected to the right ventricle (vs left)
Transposition of the great arteries signs and symptoms
•Signs/Symptoms
•Heart murmur
•Cyanosis, severe in hours/days as PDA closes
•Heart failure
•Cardiomegaly
Dependent on PDA until surgical repair can be done
Administration of PEG1 IV drip - chemically maintains patency of ductus
arteriosus
Surgical interventions to perform re-route of blood flow and repair PDA
, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
A cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects;
1. ventricular septal defect
2. pulmonary stenosis
3. right ventricular hypertrophy
4. overriding aorta.
Tetralogy of Fallot S/S
•Prominent heart murmur
•Growth retardation (FFT)
•Polycythemia/clotting disorders
•Cyanosis at rest
•Severe difficulty breathing
•Clubbing fingers
•Acidosis
•Tet spells (hypercyanotic spells)
Treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot
*For TET spells have child flex knees to chest to lower venous return
*Squat to decrease venous return - children prefer the squatting position
*Place infant in knee to chest position - hold infant up to shoulder and
bend knees to chest - this is the action a parent should take when they
notice cyanosis
*Administer morphine to calm child/slow tachypnea
*If oxygen saturations are very low, order for PEG1
Surgical repair performed when child is medically stable
