NU 545 UNIT 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
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Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake, controlling
thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture?
The reticular formation is a large network of diffuse nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and
control vital reflexes. It is essential for maintaining wakefulness and is referred to as the reticular
activating system. Some nuclei within the reticular formation support specific motor movements, such as
balance and posture (p448). The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and posture (p452).
The prefrontal area is responsible for the elaboration of thought (pg 449). The Broca speech area is on
the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 44, 45). It is usually on the left hemisphere and is responsible for
motor aspects of speech. Broca Area in the inferior frontal lobe (Brodmann areas 44, 45) is an important
center for speech and language processing. This area, rostral to the inferior edge of the premotor area
(Brodmann area 6). Injury to this area results in difficulty forming or inability to for words (expressive
aphasia or dysphasia). Wernicke (posterior Brodmann 22) and adjacent portions of the parietal lobe are
a sensory speech area, responsible for reception and interpretation of speech (aphasia/dysphasia).
Insula (insular lobe) between hemispheres temporal and frontal lobes, processes emotional information
(pg 450). The basal ganglia nuclei are important for emotional functions (pg 451). Cerebrum >
forebrain/hindbrain
Broca's area = difficulty writing and finding words, See chart 17.10 (p523)
,Know the function of the arachnoid villi.
The arachnoid villi protrude from the arachnoid space, through the dura mater, and lie within the blood
flow of the venous sinuses. The villi function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood but
preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid space. Thus CSF is formed from the blood and, after
circulating throughout the CNS, it returns to the blood. Absorbs CSF (pg 459)
Where is the primary defect in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's?
Extrapyramidal system; controls motor system (involuntary movement) (pg 451). Substantia nigra (of the
midbrain) synthesizes dopamine. The dysfunction of dopamine neurons is associated with PD and
Huntington's
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid. The
intracranial and spinal cord structures float in CSF and are thereby partially protected from jolts and
blows. The buoyant properties of the CSF also prevent the brain from tugging on meninges, nerve roots,
and blood vessels. Appx 600mL is produced daily (457). Ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses are the
structures that produce CSF; they arise from the pia mater. The arachnoid villi reabsorb the CSF (p458)
Review blood flow to the brain.
The brain receives approximately 20% of the cardiac output, or 800 to 1000 mL of blood flow per
minute. Autoregulated to maintain a stable flow during fluctuating perfusion pressures. Carbon dioxide
serves as a primary regulator for blood flow within the CNS. It is a potent vasodilator in the CNS, and its
effects ensure an adequate blood supply. The brain derives its arterial supply from the internal carotid
arteries (anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries (posterior circulation) (Fig. 15.20). The internal
carotid arteries supply a proportionately greater amount of blood flow. They originate at the common
, carotid arteries, enter the cranium through the base of the skull, and pass through the cavernous sinus.
After entering the skull, these arteries divide into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (Fig. 15.21).
The vertebral arteries originate at the subclavian arteries and pass through the transverse foramina of
the cervical vertebrae, entering the cranium through the foramen magnum. They join at the junction of
the pons and medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery. The basilar artery divides at the level of the
midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral arteries (459). When one of the routes is obstructed, the
circle of Willis is an alternate route.
What is the gate control theory of pain?
Gate control theory (GCT) integrates and builds upon features of the other theories to explain the
complex multidimensional aspects of pain perception and pain modulation. Pain transmission is
modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal cord where cells in the substantia gelatinosa
function as a "gate." The spinal gate regulates pain transmission to higher centers in the CNS. Large
myelinated A-delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful stimuli
(mechanical, thermal, and chemical). These fibers terminate on interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa
(laminae in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) and "open" the spinal gate to transmit the perception of
pain. Closure or partial closure of the spinal gates can occur from nonnociceptive stimulation (i.e., from
touch sensors in the skin) carried on large A-beta fibers decreasing pain perception.
The theories of pain include the specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and neuromatrix
theory. 4 Specificity theory proposes that pain and touch are carried on distinct pathways that project to
distinct brain centers. Injury activates only specific pain receptors and fibers that project to the brain.
Intensity of pain is directly related to the amount of associated tissue injury (i.e., pricking one's finger
with a needle would cause minimal pain, whereas cutting one's hand with a knife would produce more
pain). The theory is useful when applied to specific injuries and the acute pain associated with them. It
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake, controlling
thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture?
The reticular formation is a large network of diffuse nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and
control vital reflexes. It is essential for maintaining wakefulness and is referred to as the reticular
activating system. Some nuclei within the reticular formation support specific motor movements, such as
balance and posture (p448). The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and posture (p452).
The prefrontal area is responsible for the elaboration of thought (pg 449). The Broca speech area is on
the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 44, 45). It is usually on the left hemisphere and is responsible for
motor aspects of speech. Broca Area in the inferior frontal lobe (Brodmann areas 44, 45) is an important
center for speech and language processing. This area, rostral to the inferior edge of the premotor area
(Brodmann area 6). Injury to this area results in difficulty forming or inability to for words (expressive
aphasia or dysphasia). Wernicke (posterior Brodmann 22) and adjacent portions of the parietal lobe are
a sensory speech area, responsible for reception and interpretation of speech (aphasia/dysphasia).
Insula (insular lobe) between hemispheres temporal and frontal lobes, processes emotional information
(pg 450). The basal ganglia nuclei are important for emotional functions (pg 451). Cerebrum >
forebrain/hindbrain
Broca's area = difficulty writing and finding words, See chart 17.10 (p523)
,Know the function of the arachnoid villi.
The arachnoid villi protrude from the arachnoid space, through the dura mater, and lie within the blood
flow of the venous sinuses. The villi function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood but
preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid space. Thus CSF is formed from the blood and, after
circulating throughout the CNS, it returns to the blood. Absorbs CSF (pg 459)
Where is the primary defect in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's?
Extrapyramidal system; controls motor system (involuntary movement) (pg 451). Substantia nigra (of the
midbrain) synthesizes dopamine. The dysfunction of dopamine neurons is associated with PD and
Huntington's
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid. The
intracranial and spinal cord structures float in CSF and are thereby partially protected from jolts and
blows. The buoyant properties of the CSF also prevent the brain from tugging on meninges, nerve roots,
and blood vessels. Appx 600mL is produced daily (457). Ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses are the
structures that produce CSF; they arise from the pia mater. The arachnoid villi reabsorb the CSF (p458)
Review blood flow to the brain.
The brain receives approximately 20% of the cardiac output, or 800 to 1000 mL of blood flow per
minute. Autoregulated to maintain a stable flow during fluctuating perfusion pressures. Carbon dioxide
serves as a primary regulator for blood flow within the CNS. It is a potent vasodilator in the CNS, and its
effects ensure an adequate blood supply. The brain derives its arterial supply from the internal carotid
arteries (anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries (posterior circulation) (Fig. 15.20). The internal
carotid arteries supply a proportionately greater amount of blood flow. They originate at the common
, carotid arteries, enter the cranium through the base of the skull, and pass through the cavernous sinus.
After entering the skull, these arteries divide into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (Fig. 15.21).
The vertebral arteries originate at the subclavian arteries and pass through the transverse foramina of
the cervical vertebrae, entering the cranium through the foramen magnum. They join at the junction of
the pons and medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery. The basilar artery divides at the level of the
midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral arteries (459). When one of the routes is obstructed, the
circle of Willis is an alternate route.
What is the gate control theory of pain?
Gate control theory (GCT) integrates and builds upon features of the other theories to explain the
complex multidimensional aspects of pain perception and pain modulation. Pain transmission is
modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal cord where cells in the substantia gelatinosa
function as a "gate." The spinal gate regulates pain transmission to higher centers in the CNS. Large
myelinated A-delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful stimuli
(mechanical, thermal, and chemical). These fibers terminate on interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa
(laminae in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) and "open" the spinal gate to transmit the perception of
pain. Closure or partial closure of the spinal gates can occur from nonnociceptive stimulation (i.e., from
touch sensors in the skin) carried on large A-beta fibers decreasing pain perception.
The theories of pain include the specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and neuromatrix
theory. 4 Specificity theory proposes that pain and touch are carried on distinct pathways that project to
distinct brain centers. Injury activates only specific pain receptors and fibers that project to the brain.
Intensity of pain is directly related to the amount of associated tissue injury (i.e., pricking one's finger
with a needle would cause minimal pain, whereas cutting one's hand with a knife would produce more
pain). The theory is useful when applied to specific injuries and the acute pain associated with them. It
