PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DNP SOUTH ALABAMA NU 545
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Metabolic absorption
All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. 1. Cells of intestines
and kidneys are specialized to carry out absorption. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize
proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein energy.1. Cells of intestines and
kidneys are specialized to carry out absorption. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins.
Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein energy.(pg 2)
During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Lysosomal enzymes or hydrolases, causing cellular self-digestion (or "autodigestion"). Lyso=dissolution;
soma=boby(pg 7 & 64)
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell ?
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins (the "histones") that regulate its activity. (pg. 2)
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
Lipids & Proteins act as the "molecular glue" for the structural integrity of the membrane. (pg 11)
,4 phases of the cell cycle
The four phases of the cell cycle are (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M
phase and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S =synthesis), in which DNA is synthesized in the
cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase (M = mitosis), which includes
both nuclear and cytoplasmic division. The M phase (mitosis) involves four stages: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and
telophase. (pg 32)
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
The NA-K antiport system (Na moves out, K moves in) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these
cations. The transporter protein in an enzyme, ATPAse, which has a requirement for Na, K, and Mg ions.
The concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is directly related to Na-K transport activity. For every
ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na re transported out and two of K are transported in.
However, the exact mechanism for transport is uncertain.
(Sodium moves out and potassium moves into the cell through active transport - for every 3 molecules
of sodium that exit, 2 potassium enter the cell.) (pg 31)
How is the cell protected from injury?
The cell membrane and lipid bilayer. It controls what comes in and out of the cell, gives structure..
cellular adaption?
Protection Plasma membrane: barrier to toxic molecules and macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acid,
polysaccharides).
(pg. 12)
,What is the platelet-derived growth factor?
Stimulates proliferation of connective tissue and neuroglial cells.
(p 39)
What is cell communication? How does it occur?
Cells need to communicate to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) to regulate their
growth and division, development and organization into tissues, and to coordinate their functions.
How does it occur? 3 ways
1. Display signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct contact
2. Affect receptor proteins inside the target cell (enter the cell).
3. Protein channels (gap junctions) coordinate activities of adjacent cells. (p 19)
What is chemical signaling?
Communication at a distance, hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitter
Paracrine signaling: secrete mediators that are absorbed or destroyed. Involves different cell types.
Secretes to adjacent target cells (next to)
Autocrine signaling: produce signals that they themselves respond to. Secreting hormones to stimulate
self (i.e. Cancer).
Hormonal signaling: endocrine cells secrete hormones to produce a response in another set of cells GO
THROUGH BLOODSTREAM to a target cell (i.e. thyroid-stimulating hormone).
Neurohormonal signaling: hormones released by neurosecretory neurons ex: fight or flight
response(epi/nor) through the bloodstream to target. (pf 21)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
, Passive protein channel: passive mediated (facilitated diffusion) using protein transporter down
concentration gradient with no energy expenditure. Happens by a uniport transporter. It demonstrates
saturation kinetics, transport system is saturated when all glucose specific receptors are occupied. (p.31)
Understand the transportation of K+ and Na across plasma membranes.
Active transport potassium and sodium use direct energy of ATP in plasma membrane; for every 3
molecules of Na that move out, 2 K+ molecules enter. This causes the inside of the cell to be more
negative than the outside. The 3 Na bind to carrier and at the same time ATP binds to the carrier. ATP
breaks, the carrier changes shape and releases Na. The carrier attracts 2 K, the carrier returns to original
shape and releases K and ATP remnant. (32)
Understand membrane transport.
Membrane transport protein sometimes called mediated transport. Movement of a substance across a
membrane in which a protein transport moves molecules against (or up) the concentration gradient. This
requires the expenditure of energy. (pg 32).
Understand the function of cAMP.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-one of the 2 major messenger pathways. Binding of the ligand to its
surface receptor eventually activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the inner surface of the membrane.
(pg 22)
Know the causes of electrolyte abnormalities (hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia,
hypocalcemia).
Hypermagnesemia- Usually renal insufficiency or failure: also excessive intake of magnesium-containing
antacids, adrenal insufficiency.
Hypomagnesemia- Malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, urinary losses (renal tubular
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Metabolic absorption
All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. 1. Cells of intestines
and kidneys are specialized to carry out absorption. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize
proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein energy.1. Cells of intestines and
kidneys are specialized to carry out absorption. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins.
Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein energy.(pg 2)
During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Lysosomal enzymes or hydrolases, causing cellular self-digestion (or "autodigestion"). Lyso=dissolution;
soma=boby(pg 7 & 64)
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell ?
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins (the "histones") that regulate its activity. (pg. 2)
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
Lipids & Proteins act as the "molecular glue" for the structural integrity of the membrane. (pg 11)
,4 phases of the cell cycle
The four phases of the cell cycle are (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M
phase and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S =synthesis), in which DNA is synthesized in the
cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase (M = mitosis), which includes
both nuclear and cytoplasmic division. The M phase (mitosis) involves four stages: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and
telophase. (pg 32)
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
The NA-K antiport system (Na moves out, K moves in) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these
cations. The transporter protein in an enzyme, ATPAse, which has a requirement for Na, K, and Mg ions.
The concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is directly related to Na-K transport activity. For every
ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na re transported out and two of K are transported in.
However, the exact mechanism for transport is uncertain.
(Sodium moves out and potassium moves into the cell through active transport - for every 3 molecules
of sodium that exit, 2 potassium enter the cell.) (pg 31)
How is the cell protected from injury?
The cell membrane and lipid bilayer. It controls what comes in and out of the cell, gives structure..
cellular adaption?
Protection Plasma membrane: barrier to toxic molecules and macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acid,
polysaccharides).
(pg. 12)
,What is the platelet-derived growth factor?
Stimulates proliferation of connective tissue and neuroglial cells.
(p 39)
What is cell communication? How does it occur?
Cells need to communicate to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) to regulate their
growth and division, development and organization into tissues, and to coordinate their functions.
How does it occur? 3 ways
1. Display signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct contact
2. Affect receptor proteins inside the target cell (enter the cell).
3. Protein channels (gap junctions) coordinate activities of adjacent cells. (p 19)
What is chemical signaling?
Communication at a distance, hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitter
Paracrine signaling: secrete mediators that are absorbed or destroyed. Involves different cell types.
Secretes to adjacent target cells (next to)
Autocrine signaling: produce signals that they themselves respond to. Secreting hormones to stimulate
self (i.e. Cancer).
Hormonal signaling: endocrine cells secrete hormones to produce a response in another set of cells GO
THROUGH BLOODSTREAM to a target cell (i.e. thyroid-stimulating hormone).
Neurohormonal signaling: hormones released by neurosecretory neurons ex: fight or flight
response(epi/nor) through the bloodstream to target. (pf 21)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
, Passive protein channel: passive mediated (facilitated diffusion) using protein transporter down
concentration gradient with no energy expenditure. Happens by a uniport transporter. It demonstrates
saturation kinetics, transport system is saturated when all glucose specific receptors are occupied. (p.31)
Understand the transportation of K+ and Na across plasma membranes.
Active transport potassium and sodium use direct energy of ATP in plasma membrane; for every 3
molecules of Na that move out, 2 K+ molecules enter. This causes the inside of the cell to be more
negative than the outside. The 3 Na bind to carrier and at the same time ATP binds to the carrier. ATP
breaks, the carrier changes shape and releases Na. The carrier attracts 2 K, the carrier returns to original
shape and releases K and ATP remnant. (32)
Understand membrane transport.
Membrane transport protein sometimes called mediated transport. Movement of a substance across a
membrane in which a protein transport moves molecules against (or up) the concentration gradient. This
requires the expenditure of energy. (pg 32).
Understand the function of cAMP.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-one of the 2 major messenger pathways. Binding of the ligand to its
surface receptor eventually activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the inner surface of the membrane.
(pg 22)
Know the causes of electrolyte abnormalities (hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia,
hypocalcemia).
Hypermagnesemia- Usually renal insufficiency or failure: also excessive intake of magnesium-containing
antacids, adrenal insufficiency.
Hypomagnesemia- Malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, urinary losses (renal tubular
