NU545 CHAPTER 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Adaptive immunity: Characteristics
- Works together with inflammation.
- Recognizes foreign or "nonself" substances (ex. Antigens)
- Provides long-term protection.
- Is slower than innate but more specific.
- Has memory.
Example of antigens
- Pathogens
- Noninfectious environmental agents
- Drugs
- Vaccines
- Transfusions
- Transplants
Adaptive immunity: End products of adaptive immunity
- Lymphocytes: T and B cells
- Antibodies: Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Adaptive immunity: Generation of clonal diversity
,- Each individual T or B cell specifically recognizes only one particular antigen.
- Sum of the population of lymphocyte specificities may represent millions of foreign antigens.
- Primary lymphoid organs: Is the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Adaptive immunity: Secondary lymphoid organs
- Include the spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils, Peyer patches (intestines), and appendix.
- High endothelial venules: Lymphocytes bind to the endothelium through adhesion molecules
Adaptive immunity: Clonal diversity
- Occurs in primary lymphoid organs.
- Involves the maturing of B and T cells.
- Migrates to secondary lymphoid organs.
Adaptive immunity: Clonal selection
- Antigen is processed and presented to immune cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Cellular interaction of T-helper cells (Th) and APCs: Results in the differentiation of B cells into active
antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) and T cells into effector cells.
Humoral immunity
- B cells and circulating antibodies are the primary cells.
- Causes direct inactivation of a microorganism or the activation of inflammatory mediators.
- Primarily protects against bacteria and viruses.
Cellular immunity
- Differentiates T cells.
- Primarily protects against viruses and cancer.
, How do humoral and cellular immunity work together?
Humoral and cellular immunity work together to provide immunity and memory.
- Respond more rapidly and efficiently on subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
Antigens: Characteristics
- Molecules that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells.
- Is mostly protein but can be other molecules as well.
- Immunogenic antigen: An antigen that can trigger an immune response
Antigens: Sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes
- Antigen's binding site: antigenic determinant (epitope)
- Antibody or lymphocyte's binding site: Antigen-binding site (paratope)
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Degree of foreignness to a host
- Is most important.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Size
- If large is extremely immunogenic.
- Small-molecular-weight antigens are called haptens: Cannot trigger the immune response themselves
but can when bound to a carrier protein.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Chemical complexity
- The greater the diversity, the more the immunogenicity.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Amount
- High or low extremes can cause tolerance.
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Adaptive immunity: Characteristics
- Works together with inflammation.
- Recognizes foreign or "nonself" substances (ex. Antigens)
- Provides long-term protection.
- Is slower than innate but more specific.
- Has memory.
Example of antigens
- Pathogens
- Noninfectious environmental agents
- Drugs
- Vaccines
- Transfusions
- Transplants
Adaptive immunity: End products of adaptive immunity
- Lymphocytes: T and B cells
- Antibodies: Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Adaptive immunity: Generation of clonal diversity
,- Each individual T or B cell specifically recognizes only one particular antigen.
- Sum of the population of lymphocyte specificities may represent millions of foreign antigens.
- Primary lymphoid organs: Is the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Adaptive immunity: Secondary lymphoid organs
- Include the spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils, Peyer patches (intestines), and appendix.
- High endothelial venules: Lymphocytes bind to the endothelium through adhesion molecules
Adaptive immunity: Clonal diversity
- Occurs in primary lymphoid organs.
- Involves the maturing of B and T cells.
- Migrates to secondary lymphoid organs.
Adaptive immunity: Clonal selection
- Antigen is processed and presented to immune cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Cellular interaction of T-helper cells (Th) and APCs: Results in the differentiation of B cells into active
antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) and T cells into effector cells.
Humoral immunity
- B cells and circulating antibodies are the primary cells.
- Causes direct inactivation of a microorganism or the activation of inflammatory mediators.
- Primarily protects against bacteria and viruses.
Cellular immunity
- Differentiates T cells.
- Primarily protects against viruses and cancer.
, How do humoral and cellular immunity work together?
Humoral and cellular immunity work together to provide immunity and memory.
- Respond more rapidly and efficiently on subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
Antigens: Characteristics
- Molecules that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells.
- Is mostly protein but can be other molecules as well.
- Immunogenic antigen: An antigen that can trigger an immune response
Antigens: Sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes
- Antigen's binding site: antigenic determinant (epitope)
- Antibody or lymphocyte's binding site: Antigen-binding site (paratope)
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Degree of foreignness to a host
- Is most important.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Size
- If large is extremely immunogenic.
- Small-molecular-weight antigens are called haptens: Cannot trigger the immune response themselves
but can when bound to a carrier protein.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Chemical complexity
- The greater the diversity, the more the immunogenicity.
Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Amount
- High or low extremes can cause tolerance.
