ASU Bio 181 Esqueda Exam 2 Questions And Answers Verified 100% correct

ASU Bio 181 Esqueda Exam 2 Questions And Answers Verified 100% correct Hydrophobic ligands - answer water soluble and polar, usually large and won't cross the plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors Other Ligands - answer small, non polar, short-half life, can only travel short distances Internal receptors - answer (intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic receptors) respond to hydrophobic ligands that cross plasma membrane Cell surface receptors - answer (transmembrane receptors, membrane anchored proteins) bind to external ligands, along the plasma membrane Signal transduction - answer extracellular signals produce an intracellular response Ion channel linked receptors - answer binding of ligand on extracellular side causes opening of an ion channel and lets ions into the cell G-protein linked receptors - answer ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein causing the release of a second messenger such as camp Enzyme linked receptors - answer (receptor kinase) extracellular binds to signal while intracellular kinase enzyme transfers phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, one molecule binds to another and adds phosphate group which allows more proteins to bind and become active, molecules enter nucleus and turn on gene expression SIGNAL IS AMPLIFIED FROM KINASE TO KINASE Cyclic AMP (camp) - answer ATP converts to camp in g-protein linked reception, amplifies the cell signal G-proteins - answer active when bound to GTP, inactive wen bound to GDP Signal propagation - answer signal travels Intracrine signaling - answer where the ligand and receptor are made and bind to each other in the same cell Autocrine signaling - answer signals produced from a cell that binds to a receptor on that same cell Gap junctions - answer target cells connected by gap junctions, signaling between adjacent cells Paracrine signaling - answer signals that act locally between cells that are close together, quick response Juxtacrine signaling - answer signaling that targets adjacent cells by direct contact, signals transmitted along cell membranes Endocrine signaling - answer signals from distant cells, produces hormones, slower response but last longer Pheromones - answer chemicals capable of acting like hormones to impact the behavior of the recipient Quorum sensing - answer The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals. Receptor protein - answer Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity after binding to a particular substance. Signaling molecules - answer ligands, neurotransmitters, pheromones, hormones: bind to receptors Intercellular communication - answer "between cells" Intracellular communication - answer "within cells" Small hydrophobic ligands - answer directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with internal receptors Signaling cell - answer cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell Signaling molecule - answer The carrier of information transmitted when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand. Receptor proteins - answer Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells. Responding cell - answer the cell that receives information from the signaling molecule Receptor activation - answer single binds to a receptor which is then activated Cell surface receptor - answer polar signaling molecule (cannot cross plasma membrane), extracellular domain Intracellular receptors - answer small, non polar signaling molecules (can pass through the membrane and activate cytoplasmic receptors) Single transduction - answer "chain reaction" that is set off by the activation of the receptor Phosphorylation - answer the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule Second messengers - answer relay signals received by cell-surface receptors Signaling response - answer cell responds and something changes within the cell Signal termination - answer the response is terminated so a new signal can be received Uracil - answer replaces thymine in RNA Structure of DNA - answer double helix Pyramide bases - answer Cytosine and Thymine Pruine bases - answer Adenine and Guanine DNA reads from - answer 5' to 3' Prokaryotic DNA - answer circular, does not have histones Eukaryotic DNA - answer Linear chromosomes within the nucleus. G1 phase - answer Cell growth S phase - answer DNA replication G2 phase - answer Growth and preparation for cell division M phase - answer mitosis Conservative replication - answer DNA molecule would get copies and make a new second complete molecule Semi-conservative replication - answer each DNA strand separates and serves as a template for a new strand Dispersive replication - answer DNA molecule would get cut into pieces then after being copies these pieces are incorporated into two new DNA molecules DNA replicated is - answer semi conservative