ASU Bio 181 Esqueda Exam
2/questions and Answers
quorum sensing - -The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other
bacteria via secreted chemical signals.
-receptor protein - -Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity
after binding to a particular substance.
-signaling molecules - -ligands, neurotransmitters, pheromones, hormones:
bind to receptors
-intercellular communication - -"between cells"
-intracellular communication - -"within cells"
-small hydrophobic ligands - -directly diffuse through the plasma membrane
and interact with internal receptors
-hydrophobic ligands - -water soluble and polar, usually large and won't
cross the plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors
-Other Ligands - -small, non polar, short-half life, can only travel short
distances
-internal receptors - -(intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic receptors)
respond to hydrophobic ligands that cross plasma membrane
-cell surface receptors - -(transmembrane receptors, membrane anchored
proteins) bind to external ligands, along the plasma membrane
-signal transduction - -extracellular signals produce an intracellular response
-ion channel linked receptors - -binding of ligand on extracellular side causes
opening of an ion channel and lets ions into the cell
-g-protein linked receptors - -ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G
protein causing the release of a second messenger such as cAMP
-enzyme linked receptors - -(receptor kinase) extracellular binds to signal
while intracellular kinase enzyme transfers phosphate group from ATP to
another molecule, one molecule binds to another and adds phosphate group
which allows more proteins to bind and become active, molecules enter
, nucleus and turn on gene expression SIGNAL IS AMPLIFIED FROM KINASE TO
KINASE
-cyclic AMP (cAMP) - -ATP converts to cAMP in g-protein linked reception,
amplifies the cell signal
-g-proteins - -active when bound to GTP, inactive wen bound to GDP
-signal propagation - -signal travels
-intracrine signaling - -where the ligand and receptor are made and bind to
each other in the same cell
-autocrine signaling - -signals produced from a cell that binds to a receptor
on that same cell
-gap junctions - -target cells connected by gap junctions, signaling between
adjacent cells
-paracrine signaling - -signals that act locally between cells that are close
together, quick response
-juxtacrine signaling - -signaling that targets adjacent cells by direct contact,
signals transmitted along cell membranes
-endocrine signaling - -signals from distant cells, produces hormones, slower
response but last longer
-Pheromones - -chemicals capable of acting like hormones to impact the
behavior of the recipient
-signaling cell - -cell that releases signal molecules that allow
communication with another cell
-signaling molecule - -The carrier of information transmitted when the
signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
-receptor proteins - -Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells.
They allow communication between cells.
-responding cell - -the cell that receives information from the signaling
molecule
-receptor activation - -single binds to a receptor which is then activated
2/questions and Answers
quorum sensing - -The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other
bacteria via secreted chemical signals.
-receptor protein - -Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity
after binding to a particular substance.
-signaling molecules - -ligands, neurotransmitters, pheromones, hormones:
bind to receptors
-intercellular communication - -"between cells"
-intracellular communication - -"within cells"
-small hydrophobic ligands - -directly diffuse through the plasma membrane
and interact with internal receptors
-hydrophobic ligands - -water soluble and polar, usually large and won't
cross the plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors
-Other Ligands - -small, non polar, short-half life, can only travel short
distances
-internal receptors - -(intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic receptors)
respond to hydrophobic ligands that cross plasma membrane
-cell surface receptors - -(transmembrane receptors, membrane anchored
proteins) bind to external ligands, along the plasma membrane
-signal transduction - -extracellular signals produce an intracellular response
-ion channel linked receptors - -binding of ligand on extracellular side causes
opening of an ion channel and lets ions into the cell
-g-protein linked receptors - -ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G
protein causing the release of a second messenger such as cAMP
-enzyme linked receptors - -(receptor kinase) extracellular binds to signal
while intracellular kinase enzyme transfers phosphate group from ATP to
another molecule, one molecule binds to another and adds phosphate group
which allows more proteins to bind and become active, molecules enter
, nucleus and turn on gene expression SIGNAL IS AMPLIFIED FROM KINASE TO
KINASE
-cyclic AMP (cAMP) - -ATP converts to cAMP in g-protein linked reception,
amplifies the cell signal
-g-proteins - -active when bound to GTP, inactive wen bound to GDP
-signal propagation - -signal travels
-intracrine signaling - -where the ligand and receptor are made and bind to
each other in the same cell
-autocrine signaling - -signals produced from a cell that binds to a receptor
on that same cell
-gap junctions - -target cells connected by gap junctions, signaling between
adjacent cells
-paracrine signaling - -signals that act locally between cells that are close
together, quick response
-juxtacrine signaling - -signaling that targets adjacent cells by direct contact,
signals transmitted along cell membranes
-endocrine signaling - -signals from distant cells, produces hormones, slower
response but last longer
-Pheromones - -chemicals capable of acting like hormones to impact the
behavior of the recipient
-signaling cell - -cell that releases signal molecules that allow
communication with another cell
-signaling molecule - -The carrier of information transmitted when the
signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
-receptor proteins - -Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells.
They allow communication between cells.
-responding cell - -the cell that receives information from the signaling
molecule
-receptor activation - -single binds to a receptor which is then activated
