NURS612 Definition of terms and notes
Pathophysiology
The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the
effects that these changes have on total body function
Reliability
multiple observations of a test give the same results
Validity
the test measures what it is supposed to measure
Sensitivity
true positive
Specificity
true negative
Predictive Value
Disease
an acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes
physiological dysfunction in one or more body system
Primary Prevention
removing risk factors so the disease does not occur (immunizations)
Secondar Prevention
detecting disease when still curable (Pap smears)
Tertiary Prevention
preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (antibiotic
use)
Homeostasis
the purposeful maintenance of stable internal environment
,Negative Feedback System
generates stability; when functions decrease below set point, feedback
mechanisms cause the functions or values to increase towards normal; when
functions increase above set point, feedback mechanisms cause functions to
decrease towards normal
Positive Feedback System
least common feedback system in the human body; generates instability within
the system; example: oxytocin during labor to cause uterine contractions and
cervical dilation
Acute Stress
lasting less than 4 weeks
Chronic Stress
lasting 1-6 months plus
Post-Traumatic Stress
chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a potentially
life-threatening event
Nervous System Mediating Stress Response
In the nervous system, stress triggers the sympathetic nervous system, prompting
the adrenal glands to release catecholamines. Once the acute stress-induced crisis
subsides, the parasympathetic nervous system aids in the body's recovery
Sleye's Definition of Stress
a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to
any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it
Stages of Stress
1. Alarm stage- release of catecholamines and cortisol (fight or flight)
2. Resistance Stage- body selects the most effective and economic channels of
defense
3. Exhaustion Stage- resources are depleted
, ANS Stress Response
The autonomic nervous system has a direct role in physical response to stress and
is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the parasympathetic
nervous system (PNS). When the body is stressed, the SNS contributes to what is
known as the "fight or flight" response.
Endocrine Stress Response
Reactions to stress are associated with enhanced secretion of a number of
hormones including glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone and
prolactin, the effect of which is to increase mobilization of energy sources and
adapt the individual to its new circumstance.
Immune Stress Response
- Stress stimuli: increases corticosteroids
- Increase in cytokines to fight of stress to the immune system
- More steroid production
- Inhibits Immune System
- Increase in Illness
(increased corticosteroids and inflammation)
Musculoskeletal Stress Response
muscle contractions
Body Core Temp
36C to 37.5C (97F to 99.5F) measured intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic);
can be measured in the rectum with thermometer, esophagus using a flexible
thermometer, PAC using thermodilution measurements of CO, bladder catheters
with temperature probes
Skin Temp
depends on amount of blood circulating through the dermis; ranges from 92.3 to
98.4
Conduction
direct transfer of heat from molecule to molecule
Pathophysiology
The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the
effects that these changes have on total body function
Reliability
multiple observations of a test give the same results
Validity
the test measures what it is supposed to measure
Sensitivity
true positive
Specificity
true negative
Predictive Value
Disease
an acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes
physiological dysfunction in one or more body system
Primary Prevention
removing risk factors so the disease does not occur (immunizations)
Secondar Prevention
detecting disease when still curable (Pap smears)
Tertiary Prevention
preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (antibiotic
use)
Homeostasis
the purposeful maintenance of stable internal environment
,Negative Feedback System
generates stability; when functions decrease below set point, feedback
mechanisms cause the functions or values to increase towards normal; when
functions increase above set point, feedback mechanisms cause functions to
decrease towards normal
Positive Feedback System
least common feedback system in the human body; generates instability within
the system; example: oxytocin during labor to cause uterine contractions and
cervical dilation
Acute Stress
lasting less than 4 weeks
Chronic Stress
lasting 1-6 months plus
Post-Traumatic Stress
chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a potentially
life-threatening event
Nervous System Mediating Stress Response
In the nervous system, stress triggers the sympathetic nervous system, prompting
the adrenal glands to release catecholamines. Once the acute stress-induced crisis
subsides, the parasympathetic nervous system aids in the body's recovery
Sleye's Definition of Stress
a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to
any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it
Stages of Stress
1. Alarm stage- release of catecholamines and cortisol (fight or flight)
2. Resistance Stage- body selects the most effective and economic channels of
defense
3. Exhaustion Stage- resources are depleted
, ANS Stress Response
The autonomic nervous system has a direct role in physical response to stress and
is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the parasympathetic
nervous system (PNS). When the body is stressed, the SNS contributes to what is
known as the "fight or flight" response.
Endocrine Stress Response
Reactions to stress are associated with enhanced secretion of a number of
hormones including glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone and
prolactin, the effect of which is to increase mobilization of energy sources and
adapt the individual to its new circumstance.
Immune Stress Response
- Stress stimuli: increases corticosteroids
- Increase in cytokines to fight of stress to the immune system
- More steroid production
- Inhibits Immune System
- Increase in Illness
(increased corticosteroids and inflammation)
Musculoskeletal Stress Response
muscle contractions
Body Core Temp
36C to 37.5C (97F to 99.5F) measured intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic);
can be measured in the rectum with thermometer, esophagus using a flexible
thermometer, PAC using thermodilution measurements of CO, bladder catheters
with temperature probes
Skin Temp
depends on amount of blood circulating through the dermis; ranges from 92.3 to
98.4
Conduction
direct transfer of heat from molecule to molecule
