ATI TEAS 7 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Levels of organization - ANSWER: atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
body cavities - ANSWER: a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects
internal organs
dorsal cavity - ANSWER: includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity are lined by a protective membrane called the -
ANSWER: Meninges
ventral cavity - ANSWER: Contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the
pelvic cavity
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are sometime referred to as the Combined -
ANSWER: abdomino-pelvic cavity
Thorcacic cavity and abdominal-pelvic cavity are enclosed by a protective membrane
called the - ANSWER: Peritoneum
thoracic cavity contains - ANSWER: Esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart and lungs
Mediastinum is a membrane-bound sack in the center of the chest that - ANSWER:
Contains all of its vital organs except the lungs
Abdominal cavity contains - ANSWER: Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
and kidneys
Pelvic cavity is enclosed by bones of the pelvis it contains - ANSWER: Urinary
bladder, part o intestines, and internal reproductive organs
anatomical positioning - ANSWER: The position with the body erect with the arms at
the sides and the palms forward.
Inferior - ANSWER: A structure below another
Superior - ANSWER: A structure above another
Anterior - ANSWER: toward the front of the body
Posterior - ANSWER: toward the back of the body
Dorsal - ANSWER: toward the back
,Ventral - ANSWER: toward the front
Proximal - ANSWER: Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another
structure
Distal - ANSWER: Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another
structure
Lateral - ANSWER: Away from the midline of the body
Medial - ANSWER: Toward the middle or midline of the body
superficial - ANSWER: Toward or on the surface
Deep - ANSWER: away from the surface
body planes - ANSWER: Sectioning the body in a way to observe its internal
structures
transverse plane - ANSWER: divides the body into top and bottom halves
Coronal or frontal plane - ANSWER: divides the body into front and back halves
Sagittarius plane - ANSWER: divides the body into left and right halves
The body is divided into four regions - ANSWER: Head: entire head
Trunk or central: neck and trunk
Upper limb: arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limb: thigh, leg, ankle, foot
A tissue is - ANSWER: is a group of cells wth similar structure and function and
similar extracellular substances located between the cells
The human body contains four general tissue types - ANSWER: Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue structure is - ANSWER: Characterized by extracellular material that
separates cells from one another
Connective tissue functions - ANSWER: Enclosing and separating
Connecting tissues to one another
Supportive and moving
Storing
Cushioning and insulating
Transporting
,Protecting
Connective tissue example - ANSWER: cells of the immune system and blood
Epithelial tissue structure is - ANSWER: Classified according to the number of cell
layers and shapes
Epithelial tissue functions - ANSWER: Protecting underlying structures
Acting as Barrie's
Permitting the passage of substances
Secreting substances
Muscle structure is - ANSWER: Called "fibers", resemble long threads
Muscle functions - ANSWER: Providing movement
Muscle example - ANSWER: Heart, organs of digestive system
Nervous tissue structure is - ANSWER: Composed of dendrites, cell bodies and axons
Nervous tissue functions - ANSWER: Coordinating and controlling many body
activities
Nervous tissue example - ANSWER: Brain, spinal cord
Negative feedback - ANSWER: A primary mechanism of homeostasis, negative means
that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted.
Positive feedback - ANSWER: Not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals.
Positive means when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the
system is to make the deviation ever greater. Creates a cycle leading away from
homeostasis. ( A rare healthy example, childbirth)
The Integumentary System - ANSWER: Is our protective layer, it is comprised of the
skin and accessory structures, including the hair, sebaceous ad sweat glands, and
nails.
Protects the body, maintains homestatsis, and provides sensory information about
the external environment.
Functions of the Integumentary System - ANSWER: Acts as a barrier to protect the
body from injury, the intrusion of foreign particles, and the loss of water and
nutrients.
Produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Integumentary system is involved in thermoregulation in two ways - ANSWER: Blood
vessels near skins surface can dilate, allowing for higher blood flow and the release
of heat.
, They can constrict to reduce the amount of blood that travels near the surface of the
skin, which helps conserve heat.
The skin is divided into three major regions or layers - ANSWER: Epidermis, dermis,
hypodermics or subcutaneous layer
The Epidermis structure - ANSWER: The outermost layer of the skin.
Contains keratin(toughens and waterproofs the skin).
Contains melanocytes(gives skin its color).
Contains no blood vessels or nerve endings.
Acts mainly to protect the body.
Contain 4 or 5 sub layers.
Sublayers of the Epidermis - ANSWER: Stratum basale(innermost layer).
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum cornerman
Which parts of the body contains 5 layers - ANSWER: Palms of hand and soles of feet
Lifecycle of Epidermal Cells - ANSWER: New epidermal cells are made in the stratum
basale via mitosis (cellular reproduction).
Cells migrate to the outer skin surface, producing and filling with keratin, and they
die upon reaching the surface.
Keratin from the dead cells helps to form the stratum corneum- the waterproof
layer.
The dead epidermal cells are gradually shed from the skin and replaced with new
cells migrating from below.
The Dermis structure - ANSWER: The major skin layer lying directly beneath the
epidermis.
A think layer made of dense connective tissue, allowing skin to stretch and flex.
Home to blood vessels, nerves, glads, and hair follicles.
The nerve endings here sense temperature, pressure and pain.
The Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer structure - ANSWER: Major skin layer lying
directly beneath the dermis.
Contains fat, or adipose tissue.
Levels of organization - ANSWER: atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
body cavities - ANSWER: a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects
internal organs
dorsal cavity - ANSWER: includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity are lined by a protective membrane called the -
ANSWER: Meninges
ventral cavity - ANSWER: Contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the
pelvic cavity
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are sometime referred to as the Combined -
ANSWER: abdomino-pelvic cavity
Thorcacic cavity and abdominal-pelvic cavity are enclosed by a protective membrane
called the - ANSWER: Peritoneum
thoracic cavity contains - ANSWER: Esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart and lungs
Mediastinum is a membrane-bound sack in the center of the chest that - ANSWER:
Contains all of its vital organs except the lungs
Abdominal cavity contains - ANSWER: Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
and kidneys
Pelvic cavity is enclosed by bones of the pelvis it contains - ANSWER: Urinary
bladder, part o intestines, and internal reproductive organs
anatomical positioning - ANSWER: The position with the body erect with the arms at
the sides and the palms forward.
Inferior - ANSWER: A structure below another
Superior - ANSWER: A structure above another
Anterior - ANSWER: toward the front of the body
Posterior - ANSWER: toward the back of the body
Dorsal - ANSWER: toward the back
,Ventral - ANSWER: toward the front
Proximal - ANSWER: Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another
structure
Distal - ANSWER: Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another
structure
Lateral - ANSWER: Away from the midline of the body
Medial - ANSWER: Toward the middle or midline of the body
superficial - ANSWER: Toward or on the surface
Deep - ANSWER: away from the surface
body planes - ANSWER: Sectioning the body in a way to observe its internal
structures
transverse plane - ANSWER: divides the body into top and bottom halves
Coronal or frontal plane - ANSWER: divides the body into front and back halves
Sagittarius plane - ANSWER: divides the body into left and right halves
The body is divided into four regions - ANSWER: Head: entire head
Trunk or central: neck and trunk
Upper limb: arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limb: thigh, leg, ankle, foot
A tissue is - ANSWER: is a group of cells wth similar structure and function and
similar extracellular substances located between the cells
The human body contains four general tissue types - ANSWER: Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue structure is - ANSWER: Characterized by extracellular material that
separates cells from one another
Connective tissue functions - ANSWER: Enclosing and separating
Connecting tissues to one another
Supportive and moving
Storing
Cushioning and insulating
Transporting
,Protecting
Connective tissue example - ANSWER: cells of the immune system and blood
Epithelial tissue structure is - ANSWER: Classified according to the number of cell
layers and shapes
Epithelial tissue functions - ANSWER: Protecting underlying structures
Acting as Barrie's
Permitting the passage of substances
Secreting substances
Muscle structure is - ANSWER: Called "fibers", resemble long threads
Muscle functions - ANSWER: Providing movement
Muscle example - ANSWER: Heart, organs of digestive system
Nervous tissue structure is - ANSWER: Composed of dendrites, cell bodies and axons
Nervous tissue functions - ANSWER: Coordinating and controlling many body
activities
Nervous tissue example - ANSWER: Brain, spinal cord
Negative feedback - ANSWER: A primary mechanism of homeostasis, negative means
that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted.
Positive feedback - ANSWER: Not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals.
Positive means when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the
system is to make the deviation ever greater. Creates a cycle leading away from
homeostasis. ( A rare healthy example, childbirth)
The Integumentary System - ANSWER: Is our protective layer, it is comprised of the
skin and accessory structures, including the hair, sebaceous ad sweat glands, and
nails.
Protects the body, maintains homestatsis, and provides sensory information about
the external environment.
Functions of the Integumentary System - ANSWER: Acts as a barrier to protect the
body from injury, the intrusion of foreign particles, and the loss of water and
nutrients.
Produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Integumentary system is involved in thermoregulation in two ways - ANSWER: Blood
vessels near skins surface can dilate, allowing for higher blood flow and the release
of heat.
, They can constrict to reduce the amount of blood that travels near the surface of the
skin, which helps conserve heat.
The skin is divided into three major regions or layers - ANSWER: Epidermis, dermis,
hypodermics or subcutaneous layer
The Epidermis structure - ANSWER: The outermost layer of the skin.
Contains keratin(toughens and waterproofs the skin).
Contains melanocytes(gives skin its color).
Contains no blood vessels or nerve endings.
Acts mainly to protect the body.
Contain 4 or 5 sub layers.
Sublayers of the Epidermis - ANSWER: Stratum basale(innermost layer).
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum cornerman
Which parts of the body contains 5 layers - ANSWER: Palms of hand and soles of feet
Lifecycle of Epidermal Cells - ANSWER: New epidermal cells are made in the stratum
basale via mitosis (cellular reproduction).
Cells migrate to the outer skin surface, producing and filling with keratin, and they
die upon reaching the surface.
Keratin from the dead cells helps to form the stratum corneum- the waterproof
layer.
The dead epidermal cells are gradually shed from the skin and replaced with new
cells migrating from below.
The Dermis structure - ANSWER: The major skin layer lying directly beneath the
epidermis.
A think layer made of dense connective tissue, allowing skin to stretch and flex.
Home to blood vessels, nerves, glads, and hair follicles.
The nerve endings here sense temperature, pressure and pain.
The Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer structure - ANSWER: Major skin layer lying
directly beneath the dermis.
Contains fat, or adipose tissue.
