NUR310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
+ Define Gas Exchange
-Process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from
cells
+Three Gas Exchange Categories
-Ventilation: the process of inhaling O2 into the lungs and exhaling CO2 from the lungs
-Transport: the availability and ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the alveoli to
the cells for metabolism and to carry CO2 produced by cellular metabolism from the
cells to the alveoli to be eliminated
-Perfusion: the ability of the blood to carry O2-containing hemoglobin to the cells and
then return CO2-containing hemoglobin to the alveoli
+Consequences/Impairment
-Mild impairment: fatigue, increase in HR and RR
-More severe impairment: respiratory acidosis
-Prolonged or severe: cellular ischemia/necrosis, death
+Populations at Greatest Risk for Impairment
-Infants: fetal hemoglobin (present for the first 5 months)
,-Children: less alveolar surface area
Older adults: Stiffening of chest wall and loss of elastic recoil
+Impairment Risk Factors
Individual: Age, Smoker, Brain injury, Prolonged immobility, Decreased state of
cognition, Immunosuppression, COPD, CF, HR
+Impairment Assessment History Occupation, lifestyle behaviors, Social environment,
Family
Examination Vital signs, Auscultation, LOC, Inspection (breathing effort, skin color,
thorax, Extremities)
+Impairment Clinical Management
Primary prevention-infection control, Smoker cessation, immunizations, Prevention of
post-operative complications
Secondary prevention-flu, pneumonia, covid, tuberculosis
Collaborative interventions: smoking cessation, pharm, O2 therapy, airway
management/breathing support, chest physiotherapy, invasive procedures (chest
tubes, thoracentesis, bronchoscopy), nutrition therapy, positioning
+Hypoxemia
-Poor oxygenation of blood
+Hypoxia
-Poor oxygenation of tissues
+Anoxia
-Most severe form of hypoxia
, +Ischemia
-Poor blood supply to the tissues
+COPD Description
-Airflow limitation, not completely reversible
-Usually progressive
-Abnormal inflammatory response of lungs, primarily caused by smoking and other
noxious particles or gasses
-Symptoms can be managed but COPD cannot be cured
COPD exacerbations and other coexisting illnesses or comorbidities contribute to
overall severity of the disease
COPD
Third leading cause of death in the U.S.
Kills more than 133,000 Americans each year
Usually not diagnosed until it is moderately advanced
PaO2
Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
Normal: 75-100mmHg
SaO2
Oxygen saturation of arterial blood
Normal: 95-100%
COPD Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking
CORRECT ANSWERS
+ Define Gas Exchange
-Process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from
cells
+Three Gas Exchange Categories
-Ventilation: the process of inhaling O2 into the lungs and exhaling CO2 from the lungs
-Transport: the availability and ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the alveoli to
the cells for metabolism and to carry CO2 produced by cellular metabolism from the
cells to the alveoli to be eliminated
-Perfusion: the ability of the blood to carry O2-containing hemoglobin to the cells and
then return CO2-containing hemoglobin to the alveoli
+Consequences/Impairment
-Mild impairment: fatigue, increase in HR and RR
-More severe impairment: respiratory acidosis
-Prolonged or severe: cellular ischemia/necrosis, death
+Populations at Greatest Risk for Impairment
-Infants: fetal hemoglobin (present for the first 5 months)
,-Children: less alveolar surface area
Older adults: Stiffening of chest wall and loss of elastic recoil
+Impairment Risk Factors
Individual: Age, Smoker, Brain injury, Prolonged immobility, Decreased state of
cognition, Immunosuppression, COPD, CF, HR
+Impairment Assessment History Occupation, lifestyle behaviors, Social environment,
Family
Examination Vital signs, Auscultation, LOC, Inspection (breathing effort, skin color,
thorax, Extremities)
+Impairment Clinical Management
Primary prevention-infection control, Smoker cessation, immunizations, Prevention of
post-operative complications
Secondary prevention-flu, pneumonia, covid, tuberculosis
Collaborative interventions: smoking cessation, pharm, O2 therapy, airway
management/breathing support, chest physiotherapy, invasive procedures (chest
tubes, thoracentesis, bronchoscopy), nutrition therapy, positioning
+Hypoxemia
-Poor oxygenation of blood
+Hypoxia
-Poor oxygenation of tissues
+Anoxia
-Most severe form of hypoxia
, +Ischemia
-Poor blood supply to the tissues
+COPD Description
-Airflow limitation, not completely reversible
-Usually progressive
-Abnormal inflammatory response of lungs, primarily caused by smoking and other
noxious particles or gasses
-Symptoms can be managed but COPD cannot be cured
COPD exacerbations and other coexisting illnesses or comorbidities contribute to
overall severity of the disease
COPD
Third leading cause of death in the U.S.
Kills more than 133,000 Americans each year
Usually not diagnosed until it is moderately advanced
PaO2
Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
Normal: 75-100mmHg
SaO2
Oxygen saturation of arterial blood
Normal: 95-100%
COPD Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking
