CHSOS EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|
AGRADE
what is Karolysis - ANSWER: DNA is degraded
what is Pyknosis - ANSWER: Nucleus shrinks in size
what is Karyorrhexis - ANSWER: fragmentation of nucleus
what is Differentiation - ANSWER: process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
what is Less differentiated - ANSWER: seen in cancer cells, tumors
what is Proliferation - ANSWER: an increase in number, multiplication
what is cancer cells - ANSWER: increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
what is atrophy - ANSWER: shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell
size
what is hypertrophy - ANSWER: increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
what is hyperplasia - ANSWER: increase in the cell number and is distinct from
hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
what is metaplasia - ANSWER: -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell
type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
what is dysplasia - ANSWER: -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular
components of a tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
where do lipids accumulate during stress? - ANSWER: heart and liver
where do glycogen accumulate during stress? - ANSWER: liver and skeletal muscles
what is melanin and what is it formed by? - ANSWER: gives pigment to skin and
formed by melanocytesw
,what is hemosiderin formed from? - ANSWER: formed by hemoglobin
what is bilirubin and where is it found? - ANSWER: from liver
what is lipofuscin and what is it formed from? - ANSWER: fine granular golden brown
pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins derived from degenerating
membraneswh
what is lipofuscin also known as? where does it come from? - ANSWER: wear and
tear pigment, liver heart nerve
what minerals during stress cause hardening? - ANSWER: calcium causes
calcificationw
what is hyaline? what kind of indicator? formed from? what color on slide? -
ANSWER: hyaline change, non specific indicator and formed from protein
light pink
what is the ROS clean up system? - ANSWER: ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water
and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
what are causes of excess ROS? - ANSWER: -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
what does ischemic cell injury and death cause? - ANSWER: - decrease in o2 leads to
anaerobic metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes increase in lactic acid - low pF
is denaturing
what is coagulative necrosis? outline? - ANSWER: -basic cell outline is preserved
-acidosis denatures proteins
-protein denaturation causes coagulation
what is liquefactive necrosis? what does it result from? what is a feature of this? -
ANSWER: -results from autolysis of heterolysis
-involves digestion of cell remains
-abscess or pus formed
what is caseous necrosis? what is it seen in? - ANSWER: -combination of coagulative
and liquefactive necrosis
-seen in TB
-necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses, so tissues appear soft and
granular
, what is fat necrosis? what is there destruction of? - ANSWER: -refers to focal areas of
fat destruction
-destruction of lipids is associated with abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes
(lipase)
what is saponification? - ANSWER: - formation of soap from lipids mixing with
minerals (calcium, magnesium
what is dry gangrene? - ANSWER: coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia
what is wet gangrene? how does this happen? - ANSWER: occurs when tissue is
infected with bacteria and phagocytic cells are recruited
-enzymes released that lead to a liquefactive process
what is gas gangrene? - ANSWER: occurs when the infection is caused by Clostridium
app (perfringens) - anaerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the
connective tissue and cause gas
what is necrosis? what does it involve? - ANSWER: -initiated by pathologic stimuli
from outside the cell and results in the removal of that cell
-involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components - AUTODIGESTION
what does necrosis stimulate? what are nuclear changes? - ANSWER: -this process
may stimulate an inflammatory response
-there are nuclear changes - KARYOLYSIS, PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS
-most necrosis is either coagulative or liquefactive
what is apoptosis? - ANSWER: -programmed cell death that helps maintain
homeostasis
what does apoptosis involve? - ANSWER: involves activation of a coordinated
internal cellular program (sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular
proteins
what are descriptions of apoptosis? - ANSWER: specific and energy dependent
what is apoptosis characterized by? - ANSWER: characterized by fragmentation of
DNA, formation of distinct structures called apoptotic bodies
how are dead cells removed? is there inflammatory response? - ANSWER: dead cells
removed by phagocytosis - no inflammatory response
Virchow's triad - ANSWER: 1. change in vessel wall
2. decreased blood flow, stasis
3. increased coag of blood
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|
AGRADE
what is Karolysis - ANSWER: DNA is degraded
what is Pyknosis - ANSWER: Nucleus shrinks in size
what is Karyorrhexis - ANSWER: fragmentation of nucleus
what is Differentiation - ANSWER: process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
what is Less differentiated - ANSWER: seen in cancer cells, tumors
what is Proliferation - ANSWER: an increase in number, multiplication
what is cancer cells - ANSWER: increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
what is atrophy - ANSWER: shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell
size
what is hypertrophy - ANSWER: increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
what is hyperplasia - ANSWER: increase in the cell number and is distinct from
hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
what is metaplasia - ANSWER: -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell
type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
what is dysplasia - ANSWER: -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular
components of a tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
where do lipids accumulate during stress? - ANSWER: heart and liver
where do glycogen accumulate during stress? - ANSWER: liver and skeletal muscles
what is melanin and what is it formed by? - ANSWER: gives pigment to skin and
formed by melanocytesw
,what is hemosiderin formed from? - ANSWER: formed by hemoglobin
what is bilirubin and where is it found? - ANSWER: from liver
what is lipofuscin and what is it formed from? - ANSWER: fine granular golden brown
pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins derived from degenerating
membraneswh
what is lipofuscin also known as? where does it come from? - ANSWER: wear and
tear pigment, liver heart nerve
what minerals during stress cause hardening? - ANSWER: calcium causes
calcificationw
what is hyaline? what kind of indicator? formed from? what color on slide? -
ANSWER: hyaline change, non specific indicator and formed from protein
light pink
what is the ROS clean up system? - ANSWER: ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water
and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
what are causes of excess ROS? - ANSWER: -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
what does ischemic cell injury and death cause? - ANSWER: - decrease in o2 leads to
anaerobic metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes increase in lactic acid - low pF
is denaturing
what is coagulative necrosis? outline? - ANSWER: -basic cell outline is preserved
-acidosis denatures proteins
-protein denaturation causes coagulation
what is liquefactive necrosis? what does it result from? what is a feature of this? -
ANSWER: -results from autolysis of heterolysis
-involves digestion of cell remains
-abscess or pus formed
what is caseous necrosis? what is it seen in? - ANSWER: -combination of coagulative
and liquefactive necrosis
-seen in TB
-necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses, so tissues appear soft and
granular
, what is fat necrosis? what is there destruction of? - ANSWER: -refers to focal areas of
fat destruction
-destruction of lipids is associated with abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes
(lipase)
what is saponification? - ANSWER: - formation of soap from lipids mixing with
minerals (calcium, magnesium
what is dry gangrene? - ANSWER: coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia
what is wet gangrene? how does this happen? - ANSWER: occurs when tissue is
infected with bacteria and phagocytic cells are recruited
-enzymes released that lead to a liquefactive process
what is gas gangrene? - ANSWER: occurs when the infection is caused by Clostridium
app (perfringens) - anaerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the
connective tissue and cause gas
what is necrosis? what does it involve? - ANSWER: -initiated by pathologic stimuli
from outside the cell and results in the removal of that cell
-involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components - AUTODIGESTION
what does necrosis stimulate? what are nuclear changes? - ANSWER: -this process
may stimulate an inflammatory response
-there are nuclear changes - KARYOLYSIS, PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS
-most necrosis is either coagulative or liquefactive
what is apoptosis? - ANSWER: -programmed cell death that helps maintain
homeostasis
what does apoptosis involve? - ANSWER: involves activation of a coordinated
internal cellular program (sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular
proteins
what are descriptions of apoptosis? - ANSWER: specific and energy dependent
what is apoptosis characterized by? - ANSWER: characterized by fragmentation of
DNA, formation of distinct structures called apoptotic bodies
how are dead cells removed? is there inflammatory response? - ANSWER: dead cells
removed by phagocytosis - no inflammatory response
Virchow's triad - ANSWER: 1. change in vessel wall
2. decreased blood flow, stasis
3. increased coag of blood
