NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 2 LATEST
VERSIONS REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+ (PORTAGE LEARNING)
What are the 3 key concepts? - ANSWER: 1. Proteins
2. Homeostasis
3. Cell membrane
How does a synapse work (4)? - ANSWER: 1. Action potential arrives at axon terminal
2. Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the axon terminal
3. Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors
on the postsynaptic membrane
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? - ANSWER: 1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Fight or flight
2. Turns on when you are stressed or exercising
3. Increases heart rate, causes sweating, increased respiration, etc
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (2)? - ANSWER: 1. Rest and
digest
2. Causes digestion, urine release, etc
What are similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (3)? -
ANSWER: 1. Both are automatic
2. Both part of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS
3. They control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Where is smooth muscle commonly found (5)? - ANSWER: 1. Digestive system
2. Respiratory tract
3. Reproductive system
4. Urinary tract
5. Small blood vessels
Where does the parasympathetic division arise from (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Cranial
nerves and spinal nerves
2. Sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, and 4
3. Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10
Where does the sympathetic division arise from (2)? - ANSWER: 1. Spinal nerves only
2. All thoracic spinal nerves and lumbar nerves 1 and 2
What does the ANS innervate in general (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Cardiac muscle
,2. Smooth muscle
3. Glands
What is the somatic nervous system in terms of synapses and neurotransmitters (4)?
- ANSWER: 1. A single neuron from CNS to effector organs (skeletal muscles)
2. Only one synapse in the pathway
3. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
4. Ach is stimulatory, causing muscle to contract
What is a ganglion? - ANSWER: A group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral
nervous system.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system in terms of synapses and
neurotransmitters (7)? - ANSWER: 1. Two neuron chains from CNS to effector organs
(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a synapse with the
effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine at both synapses, which can be excitatory or
inhibitory
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and a muscarinic
receptor on the second synapse
What is the sympathetic nervous system in terms of synapses and neurotransmitters
(7)? - ANSWER: 1. Two neuron chains from CNS to effector organs (cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a synapse with the
effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (excitatory) at the first synapse, and
norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory) at the second synapse.
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and the NE binds to an
alpha or beta receptor at the second synapse
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the eye:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the circular smooth muscle of the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller
,5. In bright light or resting situations
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bronchioles:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles to contract, causing the bronchioles
to constrict. This decreases air entry.
5. When the body is at rest
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the GI tract:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the GI tract to contract, causing peristalsis.
5. When food is being digested and moved through the GI tract
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bladder wall:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscles of the bladder wall to contract, causing urination
5. When urination occurs
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the GI sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the sphincters (rings of smooth muscle) to relax and open
5. When you are ready for food to move down the GI tract
, Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the sphincters in the urethra to relax, allowing for urination
5. During urination
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the heart:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the cardiac muscle to relax, slowing down the heart rate.
5. Used during rest and digest activities
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the eye:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Alpha 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the radial smooth muscle of the iris to contract, causing the pupil to dilate
5. Occurs in dark lighting or in stressful/high-energy situations
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the GI tract sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Alpha
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the sphincters (rings of smooth muscle) to contract, closing the sphincters
5. When you are not undergoing digestion
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
VERSIONS REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+ (PORTAGE LEARNING)
What are the 3 key concepts? - ANSWER: 1. Proteins
2. Homeostasis
3. Cell membrane
How does a synapse work (4)? - ANSWER: 1. Action potential arrives at axon terminal
2. Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the axon terminal
3. Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors
on the postsynaptic membrane
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? - ANSWER: 1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Fight or flight
2. Turns on when you are stressed or exercising
3. Increases heart rate, causes sweating, increased respiration, etc
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (2)? - ANSWER: 1. Rest and
digest
2. Causes digestion, urine release, etc
What are similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (3)? -
ANSWER: 1. Both are automatic
2. Both part of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS
3. They control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Where is smooth muscle commonly found (5)? - ANSWER: 1. Digestive system
2. Respiratory tract
3. Reproductive system
4. Urinary tract
5. Small blood vessels
Where does the parasympathetic division arise from (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Cranial
nerves and spinal nerves
2. Sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, and 4
3. Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10
Where does the sympathetic division arise from (2)? - ANSWER: 1. Spinal nerves only
2. All thoracic spinal nerves and lumbar nerves 1 and 2
What does the ANS innervate in general (3)? - ANSWER: 1. Cardiac muscle
,2. Smooth muscle
3. Glands
What is the somatic nervous system in terms of synapses and neurotransmitters (4)?
- ANSWER: 1. A single neuron from CNS to effector organs (skeletal muscles)
2. Only one synapse in the pathway
3. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
4. Ach is stimulatory, causing muscle to contract
What is a ganglion? - ANSWER: A group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral
nervous system.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system in terms of synapses and
neurotransmitters (7)? - ANSWER: 1. Two neuron chains from CNS to effector organs
(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a synapse with the
effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine at both synapses, which can be excitatory or
inhibitory
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and a muscarinic
receptor on the second synapse
What is the sympathetic nervous system in terms of synapses and neurotransmitters
(7)? - ANSWER: 1. Two neuron chains from CNS to effector organs (cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, glands)
2. Has a ganglion in the pathway
3. The first synapse is in the ganglion
4. A second neuron comes out of the ganglion, which makes a synapse with the
effector organ.
5. Therefore, there are 2 neurons and 2 synapses in the pathway
6. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (excitatory) at the first synapse, and
norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory) at the second synapse.
7. The Ach binds to a nicotinic receptor at the first synapse, and the NE binds to an
alpha or beta receptor at the second synapse
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the eye:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the circular smooth muscle of the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller
,5. In bright light or resting situations
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bronchioles:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles to contract, causing the bronchioles
to constrict. This decreases air entry.
5. When the body is at rest
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the GI tract:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the GI tract to contract, causing peristalsis.
5. When food is being digested and moved through the GI tract
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bladder wall:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the smooth muscles of the bladder wall to contract, causing urination
5. When urination occurs
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the GI sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the sphincters (rings of smooth muscle) to relax and open
5. When you are ready for food to move down the GI tract
, Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the sphincters in the urethra to relax, allowing for urination
5. During urination
Explain the following parasympathetic effect for the heart:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Muscarinic
2. Acetylcholine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the cardiac muscle to relax, slowing down the heart rate.
5. Used during rest and digest activities
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the eye:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Alpha 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the radial smooth muscle of the iris to contract, causing the pupil to dilate
5. Occurs in dark lighting or in stressful/high-energy situations
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the GI tract sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANSWER: 1. Alpha
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the sphincters (rings of smooth muscle) to contract, closing the sphincters
5. When you are not undergoing digestion
Explain the following sympathetic effect for the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
